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  1. There are few, limited, and to some extent contradictory, reports on the cellular and subcellular morphology of arachnoid cysts. In the literature cyst membranes are described as similar to, or as vastly diffe...

    Authors: Katrin Rabiei, Magnus Tisell, Carsten Wikkelsø and Bengt R Johansson
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2014 11:5
    Content type: Research Published on:

  2. Cerebrospinal fluid absorption (CSF) at the cribriform plate is mediated by direct extracranial connections to the lymphatic system. Given the accessibility of these pharmacologically responsive vessels we hyp...

    Authors: Harold Kim, Sara A Moore and Miles G Johnston
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2014 11:4
    Content type: Short paper Published on:

  3. Primary infection with or reactivation of varicella zoster virus (VZV) can cause neurologic complications, which typically result in an intrathecal production of VZV-specific antibodies. Intrathecal antibodies...

    Authors: Carolin Otto, Jörg Hofmann, Carsten Finke, Mathias Zimmermann and Klemens Ruprecht
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2014 11:3
    Content type: Short paper Published on:

  4. The neuroepithelia of the choroid plexus (CP) in the brain and the ciliary body (CB) of the eye have common embryological origins and share similar micro-structure and functions. The CP epithelium (CPE) and th...

    Authors: Sarah F Janssen, Theo GMF Gorgels, Jacoline B ten Brink, Nomdo M Jansonius and Arthur AB Bergen
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2014 11:2
    Content type: Research Published on:

  5. Cerebral malaria (CM) is a life-threatening complication of falciparum malaria, associated with high mortality rates, as well as neurological impairment in surviving patients. Despite disease severity, the etiolo...

    Authors: Manuela Polimeni and Mauro Prato
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2014 11:1
    Content type: Review Published on:

  6. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) cardiac gated phase contrast (PC) cine techniques have non-invasively shown the effect of the cardiac pulse on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) movement. Echo planar imaging (EPI) has...

    Authors: Shinya Yamada, Mitsue Miyazaki, Yuichi Yamashita, Cheng Ouyang, Masao Yui, Masao Nakahashi, Seiko Shimizu, Ikuo Aoki, Yukuo Morohoshi and James Gordon McComb
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2013 10:36
    Content type: Research Published on:

  7. Mouse models are commonly used to study central nervous system disorders, in which cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage may be disturbed. However, mouse CSF drainage into lymphatics has not been thoroughly chara...

    Authors: Emily Mathieu, Neeru Gupta, R Loch Macdonald, Jinglu Ai and Yeni H Yücel
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2013 10:35
    Content type: Short paper Published on:

  8. In hydrocephalus an imbalance between production and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) results in fluid accumulation, compression and stretching of the brain parenchyma. In addition, changes in CSF compo...

    Authors: Irum Naureen, Khawaja AIrfan Waheed, Ahsen W Rathore, Suresh Victor, Conor Mallucci, John R Goodden, Shahid N Chohan and Jaleel A Miyan
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2013 10:34
    Content type: Research Published on:

  9. Reliable human in vitro blood–brain barrier (BBB) models suitable for high-throughput screening are urgently needed in early drug discovery and development for assessing the ability of promising bioactive compoun...

    Authors: Daniela E Eigenmann, Gongda Xue, Kwang S Kim, Ashlee V Moses, Matthias Hamburger and Mouhssin Oufir
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2013 10:33
    Content type: Research Published on:

  10. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-19, an endocrine FGF protein mainly produced by the ileum, stimulates metabolic activity and alleviates obesity. FGF19 modulates metabolism after either intravenous or intracereb...

    Authors: Hung Hsuchou, Weihong Pan and Abba J Kastin
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2013 10:32
    Content type: Research Published on:

  11. Elevated uric acid (UA) is commonly associated with gout and it is also a known cardiovascular disease risk factor. In contrast to such deleterious effects, UA possesses neuroprotective properties in the brain...

    Authors: Naoko H Tomioka, Makiko Nakamura, Masaru Doshi, Yoshiharu Deguchi, Kimiyoshi Ichida, Takayuki Morisaki and Makoto Hosoyamada
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2013 10:31
    Content type: Research Published on:

  12. Chemokines and cytokines in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum have been extensively studied in adults with neuroborreliosis (NB), whereas there are limited data about the pediatric population. In adults, T h...

    Authors: Zuzana Liba, Jana Kayserova and Vladimir Komarek
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2013 10:30
    Content type: Short paper Published on:

  13. Organic anion transporting polypeptide (Oatp) transporters at the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-retinal barrier (BRB), which consists of retinal capillary endothelial cells and retinal pigment epithe...

    Authors: Shin-ichi Akanuma, Shiro Hirose, Masanori Tachikawa and Ken-ichi Hosoya
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2013 10:29
    Content type: Research Published on:

  15. The human cerebral microvascular endothelial cell line, hCMEC/D3, has been used extensively to model the blood–brain barrier (BBB) in vitro. Recently, we reported that cytokine-treatment induced loss of brain end...

    Authors: Miguel Alejandro Lopez-Ramirez, David Kingsley Male, Chunfang Wang, Basil Sharrack, Dongsheng Wu and Ignacio Andres Romero
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2013 10:27
    Content type: Short paper Published on:

  17. The choroid plexuses are the interface between the blood and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contained within the ventricular spaces of the central nervous system. The tight junctions linking adjacent cells of t...

    Authors: Ingrid Kratzer, Shane A Liddelow, Norman R Saunders, Kate M Dziegielewska, Nathalie Strazielle and Jean-Francois Ghersi-Egea
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2013 10:25
    Content type: Research Published on:

  19. Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) enters the brain by crossing the blood–brain barrier (BBB) as both free virus and within infected immune cells. Previous work showed that activation of the innate immune ...

    Authors: Shinya Dohgu and William A Banks
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2013 10:23
    Content type: Research Published on:

  20. Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (INPH) is a syndrome of ventriculomegaly, gait impairment, cognitive decline and incontinence that occurs in an elderly population prone to many types of comorbidities....

    Authors: Jan Malm, Neill R Graff-Radford, Masatsune Ishikawa, Bo Kristensen, Ville Leinonen, Etsuro Mori, Brian K Owler, Mats Tullberg, Michael A Williams and Norman R Relkin
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2013 10:22
    Content type: Review Published on:

  21. Proteomics has opened a new horizon in biological sciences. Global proteomic analysis is a promising technology for the discovery of thousands of proteins, post-translational modifications, polymorphisms, and ...

    Authors: Yasuo Uchida, Masanori Tachikawa, Wataru Obuchi, Yutaro Hoshi, Yusuke Tomioka, Sumio Ohtsuki and Tetsuya Terasaki
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2013 10:21
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  22. Restless Legs Syndrome/Willis-Ekbom Disease (RLS/WED) is a sensorimotor disorder that causes patients to experience overwhelming and distressing sensations in the legs compelling the patient to move their legs...

    Authors: Stephanie M Patton, Yong Won Cho, Thomas W Clardy, Richard P Allen, Christopher J Earley and James R Connor
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2013 10:20
    Content type: Research Published on:

  23. Histamine is an ubiquitous inflammatory mediator of numerous physiological processes. Histamine and its receptors have been implicated in multiple sclerosis (MS) disease pathogenesis. We prospectively enrolled...

    Authors: Ulf Kallweit, Kosuke Aritake, Claudio L Bassetti, Stephan Blumenthal, Osamu Hayaishi, Michael Linnebank, Christian R Baumann and Yoshihiro Urade
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2013 10:19
    Content type: Short paper Published on:

  24. Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is a water channel mainly located in the ventricular ependymal cells (brain-CSF barrier), the sub-ependymal glia, glia limitans and in end-feet of astrocytes in at the blood–brain barrier (B...

    Authors: Leandro Castañeyra-Ruiz, Ibrahim González-Marrero, Juan M González-Toledo, Agustin Castañeyra-Ruiz, Héctor de Paz-Carmona, Agustín Castañeyra-Perdomo and Emilia M Carmona-Calero
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2013 10:18
    Content type: Research Published on:

  25. There is little knowledge concerning the content and the mechanisms of filling of arachnoid cysts. The aim of this study was to compare the protein content of arachnoid cysts and cerebrospinal fluid by quantit...

    Authors: Magnus Berle, AnnCathrine Kroksveen, Hilde Garberg, Mads Aarhus, ØysteinAriansen Haaland, Knut Wester, RuneJohan Ulvik, Christian Helland and Frode Berven
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2013 10:17
    Content type: Research Published on:

  26. Since the first attempts in the 1970s to isolate cerebral microvessel endothelial cells (CECs) in order to model the blood–brain barrier (BBB) in vitro, the need for a human BBB model that closely mimics the in v...

    Authors: Babette Weksler, Ignacio A Romero and Pierre-Olivier Couraud
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2013 10:16
    Content type: Review Published on:

  27. Cystatin C is a constitutively expressed and abundant cysteine protease inhibitor within the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Recent studies have reported a significant reduction in cystatin C concentration in the C...

    Authors: Meghan E Wilson, Imene Boumaza and Robert Bowser
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2013 10:15
    Content type: Research Published on:

  28. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sodium concentration increases during migraine attacks, and both CSF and vitreous humor sodium increase in the rat migraine model. The Na,K-ATPase is a probable source of these sodium...

    Authors: Xianghong Arakaki, Paige McCleary, Matthew Techy, Jiarong Chiang, Linus Kuo, Alfred N Fonteh, Brian Armstrong, Dan Levy and Michael G Harrington
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2013 10:14
    Content type: Research Published on:

  29. Aβ transport (flux) across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease as well as to elimination of toxic amyloid from the brain by immunotherapy. Several ...

    Authors: Wandong Zhang, Huaqi Xiong, Debbie Callaghan, Hong Liu, Aimee Jones, Ke Pei, Dorothy Fatehi, Eric Brunette and Danica Stanimirovic
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2013 10:13
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  30. Despite enormous advances in CNS research, CNS disorders remain the world’s leading cause of disability. This accounts for more hospitalizations and prolonged care than almost all other diseases combined, and ...

    Authors: Elizabeth CM de Lange
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2013 10:12
    Content type: Review Published on:

  31. It is now recognized that the neuro-vascular unit (NVU) plays a key role in several neurological diseases including epilepsy, stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis and the development of gliomas. Mos...

    Authors: Mélanie Morin-Brureau, Frédéric De Bock and Mireille Lerner-Natoli
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2013 10:11
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  32. The role of human choroid plexus (CP) epithelium in the transport of solutes between the blood and the cerebrospinal fluid and/or in secretion processes may be studied by employing several experimental approac...

    Authors: Zoran B Redzic
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2013 10:10
    Content type: Review Published on:

  33. The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a functional and structural barrier separating the intravascular and neuropil compartments of the brain. It characterizes the vascular bed and is essential for normal brain fun...

    Authors: Yoash Chassidim, Ronel Veksler, Svetlana Lublinsky, Gaby S Pell, Alon Friedman and Ilan Shelef
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2013 10:9
    Content type: Review Published on:

  34. Knowledge of the molecular basis and transport function of the human blood–brain barrier (BBB) is important for not only understanding human cerebral physiology, but also development of new central nervous sys...

    Authors: Keita Shimomura, Takashi Okura, Sayaka Kato, Pierre-Olivier Couraud, Jean-Michel Schermann, Tetsuya Terasaki and Yoshiharu Deguchi
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2013 10:8
    Content type: Research Published on:

  35. The central nervous system (CNS) is an immunologically privileged site to which access for circulating immune cells is tightly controlled by the endothelial blood–brain barrier (BBB) located in CNS microvessel...

    Authors: Caroline Coisne, Ruth Lyck and Britta Engelhardt
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2013 10:7
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  36. The high-throughput brain slice method is a precise and robust technique for estimating the overall uptake of drugs into brain tissue through determination of the unbound volume of distribution in the brain (Vu,b...

    Authors: Irena Loryan, Markus Fridén and Margareta Hammarlund-Udenaes
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2013 10:6
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  37. In multicellular organisms epithelial and endothelial cells form selective permeable interfaces between tissue compartments of different chemical compositions. Tight junctions which connect adjacent cells, con...

    Authors: Kathrin Benson, Sandra Cramer and Hans-Joachim Galla
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2013 10:5
    Content type: Review Published on:

  38. In addition to possessing intracellular vesicles, eukaryotic cells also produce extracellular microvesicles, ranging from 50 to 1000 nm in diameter that are released or shed into the microenvironment under phy...

    Authors: Arsalan S Haqqani, Christie E Delaney, Tammy-Lynn Tremblay, Caroline Sodja, Jagdeep K Sandhu and Danica B Stanimirovic
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2013 10:4
    Content type: Research Published on:

  40. The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a selective endothelial interface that controls trafficking between the bloodstream and brain interstitial space. During development, the BBB arises as a result of complex mult...

    Authors: Ethan S Lippmann, Abraham Al-Ahmad, Sean P Palecek and Eric V Shusta
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2013 10:2
    Content type: Review Published on:

  41. A critical point during the course of central nervous system infection is the influx of leukocytes from the blood into the brain across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (...

    Authors: Tobias Tenenbaum, Ulrike Steinmann, Corinna Friedrich, Jürgen Berger, Christian Schwerk and Horst Schroten
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2013 10:1
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  42. The Blood–brain barrier (BBB), present at the level of the endothelium of cerebral blood vessels, selectively restricts the blood-to-brain paracellular diffusion of compounds; it is mandatory for cerebral home...

    Authors: Anny-Claude Luissint, Cédric Artus, Fabienne Glacial, Kayathiri Ganeshamoorthy and Pierre-Olivier Couraud
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2012 9:23
    Content type: Review Published on:

  43. Hydrocephalus is a heterogeneous disorder with multiple etiologies that are not yet fully understood. Animal models have implicated dysfunctional cilia of the ependyma and choroid plexus in the development of ...

    Authors: Ruth E Swiderski, Khristofor Agassandian, Jean L Ross, Kevin Bugge, Martin D Cassell and Charles Yeaman
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2012 9:22
    Content type: Research Published on:

  44. A new adjustable valve, the Codman CertasTM valve for treatment of hydrocephalus was introduced into clinical practice in January 2011. It has 8 different settings with an opening pressure varying from 36 to over...

    Authors: Sara Watt, Niels Agerlin and Bertil Romner
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2012 9:21
    Content type: Short paper Published on:

  45. Gait abnormalities in the elderly, characterized by short steps and frozen gait, can be caused by several diseases, including idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (INPH), and Parkinson’s disease (PD). We a...

    Authors: Kohei Marumoto, Tetsuo Koyama, Masashi Hosomi, Norihiko Kodama, Hiroji Miyake and Kazuhisa Domen
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2012 9:20
    Content type: Research Published on:

  46. The motor and cognitive deficits observed in hydrocephalus are thought to be due to axonal damage within the periventricular white matter. This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between ven...

    Authors: Funmilayo Eniola Olopade, Matthew Temitayo Shokunbi and Anna-Leena Sirén
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2012 9:19
    Content type: Research Published on:

  47. The outcome of pediatric hydrocephalus, including surgical complications, neurological sequelae and academic achievement, has been the matter of many studies. However, much uncertainty remains, regarding the v...

    Authors: Matthieu Vinchon, Harold Rekate and Abhaya V Kulkarni
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2012 9:18
    Content type: Review Published on:

  48. Mannan-binding lectin (MBL), a protein of the innate immune response is attracting increasing clinical interest, in particularly in relation to its deficiency. Due to its involvement in brain diseases, identif...

    Authors: Hansotto Reiber, Barbara Padilla-Docal, Jens Christian Jensenius and Alberto Juan Dorta-Contreras
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2012 9:17
    Content type: Research Published on:

  50. There is increasing awareness that, aside from producing cerebrospinal fluid, the choroid plexus (CP) might be a key regulator of immune activity in the central nervous system (CNS) during neuroinflammation. S...

    Authors: Nivetha Murugesan, Debayon Paul, Yen Lemire, Bandana Shrestha, Shujun Ge and Joel S Pachter
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2012 9:15
    Content type: Research Published on:
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  • ISSN: 2045-8118 (electronic)

Fluids and Barriers of the CNS

ISSN: 2045-8118