Articles
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Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2015 12(Suppl 1):O64
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Intracranial pressure is a physiological stress that determines sympathetic nervous system activity
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2015 12(Suppl 1):O56 -
Familial idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2015 12(Suppl 1):O43 -
Intracranial pressure guided management of patients with Chiari malformations presenting with headache: a paradigm shift?
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2015 12(Suppl 1):O29 -
Clinically relevant skull models and optical measurement method to evaluate programmable hydrocephalus valve tool kit usability
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2015 12(Suppl 1):P29 -
Towards a better understanding of the cellular basis for cerebrospinal fluid shunt obstruction: report on construction of a bank of explanted hydrocephalus devices
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2015 12(Suppl 1):O17 -
Asymptomatic ventricular dilatation precedes clinical decline in rodent adult chronic communicating hydrocephalus
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2015 12(Suppl 1):O13 -
Endotoxin-induced inflammation down-regulates l-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) expression at the blood–brain barrier of male rats and mice
We recently reported that bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation decreases the expression of the primary thyroid hormone transporters at the blood–brain barrier, organic anion-transporting pol...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2015 12:21 -
Adenosine receptor signaling: a key to opening the blood–brain door
The aim of this review is to outline evidence that adenosine receptor (AR) activation can modulate blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability and the implications for disease states and drug delivery. Barriers of ...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2015 12:20 -
Transfection of brain capillary endothelial cells in primary culture with defined blood–brain barrier properties
Primary brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs) are a promising tool to study the blood–brain barrier (BBB) in vitro, as they maintain many important characteristics of the BBB in vivo, especially when co-cu...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2015 12:19 -
Impact of cigarette smoke extract and hyperglycemic conditions on blood–brain barrier endothelial cells
Diabetes and tobacco smoking are significant public health concerns which have been shown to independently impact the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Since smoking is a risk factor for diabetes and shares some of t...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2015 12:18 -
Cultured cells of the blood–brain barrier from apolipoprotein B-100 transgenic mice: effects of oxidized low-density lipoprotein treatment
The apolipoprotein B-100 (ApoB-100) transgenic mouse line is a model of human atherosclerosis. Latest findings suggest the importance of ApoB-100 in the development of neurodegenerative diseases and microvascu...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2015 12:17 -
A new glaucoma hypothesis: a role of glymphatic system dysfunction
In a recent review article titled “A new look at cerebrospinal fluid circulation”, Brinker et al. comprehensively described novel insights from molecular and cellular biology as well as neuroimaging research, ...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2015 12:16 -
Three-dimensional observation of Virchow–Robin spaces in the basal ganglia and white matter and their relevance to idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus
Virchow–Robin spaces (VRS) are brain perivascular spaces containing perforating arteries. Although enlarged VRS are associated with various disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, cerebrovascular disease, and h...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2015 12:15 -
Relation between tag position and degree of visualized cerebrospinal fluid reflux into the lateral ventricles in time-spatial labeling inversion pulse magnetic resonance imaging at the foramen of Monro
Time-spatial labeling inversion pulse (Time-SLIP) magnetic resonance imaging allows non-invasive visualization of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) movement. Our study evaluated the sensitivity of the Time-SLIP tag pl...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2015 12:14 -
Exploring the effects of cell seeding density on the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells to brain microvascular endothelial cells
Brain microvascular-like endothelial cells (BMECs) derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have significant promise as tools for drug screening and studying the structure and function of the BBB in h...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2015 12:13 -
The chemokine CXCL13 is elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with neurosyphilis
The chemokine CXCL13 has been discussed as a diagnostic parameter with high specificity for Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB) and as a marker of disease activity. Neurosyphilis and LNB share similar characteristics....
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2015 12:12 -
Transporter-mediated L-glutamate elimination from cerebrospinal fluid: possible involvement of excitatory amino acid transporters expressed in ependymal cells and choroid plexus epithelial cells
L-Glutamate (L-Glu) is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS, and its level in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is reported to be increased in neuroexcitatory diseases such as epilepsy. Since L-Glu concent...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2015 12:11 -
Nicotine pre-exposure reduces stroke-induced glucose transporter-1 activity at the blood–brain barrier in mice
With growing electronic cigarette usage in both the smoking and nonsmoking population, rigorous studies are needed to investigate the effects of nicotine on biological systems to determine long-term health con...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2015 12:10 -
MRI assessment of the effects of acetazolamide and external lumbar drainage in idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
The objective was to identify changes in quantitative MRI measures in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) occurring in common after oral acetazolamide (ACZ) and external lumbar draina...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2015 12:9 -
Changes in the cerebrospinal fluid circulatory system of the developing rat: quantitative volumetric analysis and effect on blood-CSF permeability interpretation
The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulatory system is involved in neuroimmune regulation, cerebral detoxification, and delivery of various endogenous and exogenous substances. In conjunction with the choroid ple...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2015 12:8 -
Hydrocortisone enhances the barrier properties of HBMEC/ciβ, a brain microvascular endothelial cell line, through mesenchymal-to-endothelial transition-like effects
Because in vitro blood–brain barrier (BBB) models are important tools for studying brain diseases and drug development, we recently established a new line of conditionally immortalized human brain microvascular e...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2015 12:7 -
Differential cytokine expression by brain microglia/macrophages in primary culture after oxygen glucose deprivation and their protective effects on astrocytes during anoxia
Activation of microglia/macrophages following cerebral ischemia may be beneficial or detrimental for the survival of brain cells, an ambiguity in effects that has been explained by findings that ischemia can i...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2015 12:6 -
Vascular endothelial growth factor blockade alters magnetic resonance imaging biomarkers of vascular function and decreases barrier permeability in a rat model of lung cancer brain metastasis
Blockade of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to promote vascular normalization and inhibit angiogenesis has been proposed for the treatment of brain metastases; however, vascular normalization has not...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2015 12:5 -
Differential responses of blood-brain barrier associated cells to hypoxia and ischemia: a comparative study
Undisturbed functioning of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) crucially depends on paracellular signaling between its associated cells; particularly endothelial cells, pericytes and astrocytes. Hypoxic and ischemic...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2015 12:4 -
The effects of Beta-Endorphin: state change modification
Beta-endorphin (β-END) is an opioid neuropeptide which has an important role in the development of hypotheses concerning the non-synaptic or paracrine communication of brain messages. This kind of communicatio...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2015 12:3 -
Kaolin-induced chronic hydrocephalus accelerates amyloid deposition and vascular disease in transgenic rats expressing high levels of human APP
Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is most common in the elderly and has a high co-morbidity with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and cerebrovascular disease (CVD). To understand the relationship between NPH, AD and...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2015 12:2 -
The quest for a better insight into physiology of fluids and barriers of the brain: the exemplary career of Joseph D. Fenstermacher
In June 2014 Dr. Joseph D. Fenstermacher celebrated his 80th birthday, which was honored by the symposium held in New London, NH, USA. This review discusses Fenstermacher’s contribution to the field of fluids ...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2015 12:1 -
Leukocyte infiltration across the blood-spinal cord barrier is modulated by sleep fragmentation in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
We have recently shown that mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) have increased sleep fragmentation (SF) and reduced sleep efficiency, and that the extent of SF correlates with the severit...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2014 11:27 -
Mechanisms of fluid movement into, through and out of the brain: evaluation of the evidence
Interstitial fluid (ISF) surrounds the parenchymal cells of the brain and spinal cord while cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fills the larger spaces within and around the CNS. Regulation of the composition and volume...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2014 11:26 -
Effect of transporter inhibition on the distribution of cefadroxil in rat brain
Cefadroxil, a cephalosporin antibiotic, is a substrate for several membrane transporters including peptide transporter 2 (PEPT2), organic anion transporters (OATs), multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MR...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2014 11:25 -
Longitudinal relaxographic imaging of white matter hyperintensities in the elderly
Incidental white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) are common findings on T2-weighted magnetic resonance images of the aged brain and have been associated with cognitive decline. While a variety of pathogenic mechan...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2014 11:24 -
Oral antioxidant therapy for juvenile rats with kaolin-induced hydrocephalus
Oxidative and nitrosylative changes have been shown to occur in conjunction with the hypoxic changes and cellular/axonal damage in hydrocephalic rodent brains. We hypothesized that antioxidant therapy would im...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2014 11:23 -
A computerized neuropsychological test battery designed for idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus
A tool for standardized and repeated neuropsychological assessments in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (INPH) is needed. The objective of this study was to develop a computerized neurops...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2014 11:22 -
Extravasation into brain and subsequent spread beyond the ischemic core of a magnetic resonance contrast agent following a step-down infusion protocol in acute cerebral ischemia
Limiting expansion of the ischemic core lesion by reinstating blood flow and protecting the penumbral cells is a priority in acute stroke treatment. However, at present, methods are not available for effective...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2014 11:21 -
Bacterial melanin crosses the blood–brain barrier in rat experimental model
Bacterial melanin has been proven to stimulate regeneration after CNS lesions. The purpose of this study was to test, whether bacterial melanin can enter the brain via the blood–brain barrier (BBB).
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2014 11:20 -
Increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus patients compared to a population-based cohort from the HUNT3 survey
Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is one of few types of dementia that can be treated with shunt surgery and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion. It is frequently present with cerebral vasculopat...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2014 11:19 -
Vascular disruption and blood–brain barrier dysfunction in intracerebral hemorrhage
This article reviews current knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the initial hemorrhage and secondary blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction in primary spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in adults. M...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2014 11:18 -
Brain disposition of α-Synuclein: roles of brain barrier systems and implications for Parkinson’s disease
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of α-Synuclein (a-Syn) into Lewy body inclusions and the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). Ac...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2014 11:17 -
A new look at cerebrospinal fluid movement
Brinker et al. extensively reviewed recent findings about CSF circulation in a recent article: “A new look at cerebrospinal circulation”, but did not analyze some important available data in sufficient detail. Fo...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2014 11:16 -
Increased blood–brain barrier permeability and alterations in perivascular astrocytes and pericytes induced by intracisternal glutaric acid
Glutaric acid (GA) is a dicarboxylic acid that accumulates in millimolar concentrations in glutaric acidemia I (GA-I), an inherited neurometabolic childhood disease characterized by extensive neurodegeneration...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2014 11:15 -
Removal of albumin and immunoglobulins from canine cerebrospinal fluid using depletion kits: a feasibility study
Highly abundant proteins in biological fluids such as serum or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) can hinder the detection of proteins in lower abundance, e.g., potential biomarkers. Commercial products are available for ...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2014 11:14 -
News from the editors of Fluids and Barriers of the CNS
This editorial announces a new affiliation between Fluids and Barriers of the CNS (FBCNS) and the International Brain Barriers Society (IBBS) with mutual benefits to the journal and to society members. This is a ...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2014 11:13 -
Cerebrospinal fluid is drained primarily via the spinal canal and olfactory route in young and aged spontaneously hypertensive rats
Many aspects of CSF dynamics are poorly understood due to the difficulties involved in quantification and visualization. In particular, there is debate surrounding the route of CSF drainage. Our aim was to qua...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2014 11:12 -
Cerebrospinal fluid absorption block at the vertex in chronic hydrocephalus: obstructed arachnoid granulations or elevated venous pressure?
The lack of absorption of CSF at the vertex in chronic hydrocephalus has been ascribed to an elevation in the arachnoid granulation outflow resistance (Rout). The CSF infusion studies measuring Rout are dependent...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2014 11:11 -
A new look at cerebrospinal fluid circulation
According to the traditional understanding of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) physiology, the majority of CSF is produced by the choroid plexus, circulates through the ventricles, the cisterns, and the subarachnoid ...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2014 11:10 -
Association of lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase with disproportionately enlarged subarachnoid-space in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus
Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is a treatable cause of dementia, gait disturbance, and urinary incontinence in elderly patients with ventriculomegaly. Its unique morphological feature, called ...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2014 11:9 -
Impact of altered glycaemia on blood-brain barrier endothelium: an in vitro study using the hCMEC/D3 cell line
Cerebrovascular complications involving endothelial dysfunction at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are central to the pathogenesis of diabetes-related CNS disorders. However, clinical and experimental studies ha...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2014 11:8 -
Neural stem cells: are they the hope of a better life for patients with fetal-onset hydrocephalus?
I was honored to be awarded the Casey Holter Essay Prize in 2013 by the Society for Research into Hydrocephalus and Spina Bifida. The purpose of the prize is to encourage original thinking in a way to improve ...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2014 11:7 -
Resolution of central nervous system astrocytic and endothelial sources of CCL2 gene expression during evolving neuroinflammation
The chemokine CCL2 is a critical mediator of neuroinflammation in diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). CCL2 drives mononuclear cell in...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2014 11:6