Articles
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Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2019 16(Suppl 2):29
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Correction to: An isogenic neurovascular unit model comprised of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived brain microvascular endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes, and neurons
Following publication of the original article [1], the author has reported that in Figure 1 (b and c) the y-axis TEER (© x cm2) should be replaced with TEER (Ω x cm2).
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2019 16:31 -
Tau-protein concentrations are not elevated in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), caused by infection with John Cunningham polyoma virus (JCPyV) in immune-compromised patients, is a serious demyelinating disease of the central nervous system...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2019 16:28 -
Enhanced xeno-free differentiation of hiPSC-derived astroglia applied in a blood–brain barrier model
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) hold great promise for use in cell therapy applications and for improved in vitro models of human disease. So far, most hiPSC differentiation protocols to astroglia...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2019 16:27 -
Streptococcus agalactiae disrupts P-glycoprotein function in brain endothelial cells
Bacterial meningitis is a serious life threatening infection of the CNS. To cause meningitis, blood–borne bacteria need to interact with and penetrate brain endothelial cells (BECs) that comprise the blood–bra...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2019 16:26 -
An isogenic neurovascular unit model comprised of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived brain microvascular endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes, and neurons
Brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) astrocytes, neurons, and pericytes form the neurovascular unit (NVU). Interactions with NVU cells endow BMECs with extremely tight barriers via the expression of t...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2019 16:25 -
The Kuopio idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus protocol: initial outcome of 175 patients
The Kuopio University Hospital (KUH) idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunting protocol is described together with the initial outcomes of 175 patients with probable iN...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2019 16:21 -
The role of mutations associated with familial neurodegenerative disorders on blood–brain barrier function in an iPSC model
Blood–brain barrier dysfunction is associated with many late-stage neurodegenerative diseases. An emerging question is whether the mutations associated with neurodegenerative diseases can independently lead to...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2019 16:20 -
Is solute movement within the extracellular spaces of brain gray matter brought about primarily by diffusion or flow? A commentary on “Analysis of convective and diffusive transport in the brain interstitium” Fluids and Barriers of the CNS (2019) 16:6 by L. Ray, J.J. Iliff and J.J. Heys
Solutes can enter and leave gray matter in the brain by perivascular routes. The glymphatic hypothesis supposes that these movements are a consequence of inward flow along periarterial spaces and an equal outw...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2019 16:24 -
In response to “Is solute movement within the extracellular spaces of brain gray matter brought about primarily by diffusion or flow?”
In our work, “Analysis of Convective and Diffusive Transport in the Brain Interstitium”, published in this journal (2019, 16:6), we estimate the interstitial superficial velocity by comparison of transport model ...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2019 16:23 -
Correction to: A26 Cerebrospinal fluid outflow resistance is increased following small-moderate ischaemic stroke
After publication of this supplement [1], it was brought to our attention that in the results the line “(0.3 ± 0.04 mmHg/μl/min, and 0.54 ± 0.04 mmHg/μl/min, respectively)” should actually read “(0.54 ± 0.04 m...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2019 16:22 -
Human ES-derived MSCs correct TNF-α-mediated alterations in a blood–brain barrier model
Immune cell trafficking into the CNS is considered to contribute to pathogenesis in MS and its animal model, EAE. Disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a hallmark of these pathologies and a potential ...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2019 16:18 -
Hydraulic resistance of periarterial spaces in the brain
Periarterial spaces (PASs) are annular channels that surround arteries in the brain and contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): a flow of CSF in these channels is thought to be an important part of the brain’s syst...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2019 16:19 -
Abstracts from the 13th International Conference on Cerebral Vascular Biology (CVB 2019)
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2019 16(Suppl 1):16 -
A perfusion bioreactor-based 3D model of the subarachnoid space based on a meningeal tissue construct
Altered flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the subarachnoid space (SAS) is connected to brain, but also optic nerve degenerative diseases. To overcome the lack of suitable in vitro models that faithfully...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2019 16:17 -
Role of iPSC-derived pericytes on barrier function of iPSC-derived brain microvascular endothelial cells in 2D and 3D
Pericytes of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) are embedded within basement membrane between brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) and astrocyte end-feet. Despite the direct cell–cell contact observed in v...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2019 16:15 -
The endo-lysosomal system of bEnd.3 and hCMEC/D3 brain endothelial cells
Brain endothelial cell-based in vitro models are among the most versatile tools in blood–brain barrier research for testing drug penetration to the central nervous system. Transcytosis of large pharmaceuticals...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2019 16:14 -
The need for mathematical modelling of spatial drug distribution within the brain
The blood brain barrier (BBB) is the main barrier that separates the blood from the brain. Because of the BBB, the drug concentration-time profile in the brain may be substantially different from that in the b...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2019 16:12 -
Dispersion in porous media in oscillatory flow between flat plates: applications to intrathecal, periarterial and paraarterial solute transport in the central nervous system
As an alternative to advection, solute transport by shear-augmented dispersion within oscillatory cerebrospinal fluid flow was investigated in small channels representing the basement membranes located between...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2019 16:13 -
Enhanced in vitro model of the CSF dynamics
Fluid dynamics of the craniospinal system are complex and still not completely understood. In vivo flow and pressure measurements of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are limited. Whereas in silico modeling can be...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2019 16:11 -
Cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and intracranial pressure elevation in neurological diseases
The fine balance between the secretion, composition, volume and turnover of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is strictly regulated. However, during certain neurological diseases, this balance can be disrupted. A sign...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2019 16:9 -
Spinal CSF flow in response to forced thoracic and abdominal respiration
Respiration-induced pressure changes represent a powerful driving force of CSF dynamics as previously demonstrated using flow-sensitive real-time magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The purpose of the present st...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2019 16:10 -
The human central nervous system discharges carbon dioxide and lactic acid into the cerebrospinal fluid
The central nervous system was previously thought to draw oxygen and nutrition from the arteries and discharge carbon dioxide and other metabolic wastes into the venous system. At present, the functional role ...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2019 16:8 -
Effect of extradural constriction on CSF flow in rat spinal cord
Fluid homeostasis in the central nervous system (CNS) is essential for normal neurological function. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the subarachnoid space and interstitial fluid circulation in the CNS parenchyma...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2019 16:7 -
Analysis of convective and diffusive transport in the brain interstitium
Despite advances in in vivo imaging and experimental techniques, the nature of transport mechanisms in the brain remain elusive. Mathematical modelling verified using available experimental data offers a power...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2019 16:6 -
Comorbidity of diabetes mellitus in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: a systematic literature review
Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is a subtype of hydrocephalus that occurs more often in the elderly population. It is usually characterized by gait disturbance, dementia and urinary incontinenc...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2019 16:5 -
The year in review: progress in brain barriers and brain fluid research in 2018
This editorial focuses on the progress made in brain barrier and brain fluid research in 2018. It highlights some recent advances in knowledge and techniques, as well as prevalent themes and controversies. Are...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2019 16:4 -
Claudin-5: gatekeeper of neurological function
Tight junction proteins of the blood–brain barrier are vital for maintaining integrity of endothelial cells lining brain blood vessels. The presence of these protein complexes in the space between endothelial ...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2019 16:3 -
Opposing CSF hydrodynamic trends found in the cerebral aqueduct and prepontine cistern following shunt treatment in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus
This study investigated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) hydrodynamics using cine phase-contrast MRI in the cerebral aqueduct and the prepontine cistern between three distinct groups: pre-shunt normal pressure hydroc...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2019 16:2 -
Disruption of the hippocampal and hypothalamic blood–brain barrier in a diet-induced obese model of type II diabetes: prevention and treatment by the mitochondrial carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, topiramate
Type II diabetes is a vascular risk factor for cognitive impairment and increased risk of dementia. Disruption of the blood–retinal barrier (BRB) and blood–brain barrier (BBB) are hallmarks of subsequent retin...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2019 16:1 -
Abstracts from hydrocephalus 2018: the tenth meeting of the International Society for Hydrocephalus and Cerebrospinal Fluid Disorders
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2018 15(Suppl 2):35 -
Cerebellar tonsil ectopia measurement in type I Chiari malformation patients show poor inter-operator reliability
Type 1 Chiari malformation (CM-I) has been historically defined by cerebellar tonsillar position (TP) greater than 3–5 mm below the foramen magnum (FM). Often, the radiographic findings are highly variable, wh...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2018 15:33 -
Choroid plexus genes for CSF production and brain homeostasis are altered in Alzheimer’s disease
The roles of the choroid plexus (CP) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production have drawn increasing attention in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) research. Specifically, studies document markedly decreased CSF product...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2018 15:34 -
Benchmarking in vitro tissue-engineered blood–brain barrier models
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) plays a key role in regulating transport into and out of the brain. With increasing interest in the role of the BBB in health and disease, there have been significant advances in ...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2018 15:32 -
Patient-specific cranio-spinal compliance distribution using lumped-parameter model: its relation with ICP over a wide age range
The distribution of cranio-spinal compliance (CSC) in the brain and spinal cord is a fundamental question, as it would determine the overall role of the compartments in modulating ICP in healthy and diseased s...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2018 15:29 -
Erythrophages do not develop when lumbar CSF and blood samples are mixed in vitro
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis is a crucial method in the diagnostic process for suspected subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), especially when cerebral imaging is negative or inconclusive. CSF cytology (detecti...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2018 15:31 -
Elimination of substances from the brain parenchyma: efflux via perivascular pathways and via the blood–brain barrier
This review considers efflux of substances from brain parenchyma quantified as values of clearances (CL, stated in µL g−1 min−1). Total clearance of a substance is the sum of clearance values for all available ro...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2018 15:30 -
Tunneling nanotubes evoke pericyte/endothelial communication during normal and tumoral angiogenesis
Nanotubular structures, denoted tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) have been described in recent times as involved in cell-to-cell communication between distant cells. Nevertheless, TNT-like, long filopodial processes...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2018 15:28 -
Cerebral influx of Na+ and Cl− as the osmotherapy-mediated rebound response in rats
Cerebral edema can cause life-threatening increase in intracranial pressure. Besides surgical craniectomy performed in severe cases, osmotherapy may be employed to lower the intracranial pressure by osmotic ex...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2018 15:27 -
Blood–brain and blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier permeability in spontaneously hypertensive rats
Hypertension is an important risk factor for cerebrovascular disease, including stroke and dementia. Both in humans and animal models of hypertension, neuropathological features such as brain atrophy and oedem...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2018 15:26 -
The role of plasmalemma vesicle-associated protein in pathological breakdown of blood–brain and blood–retinal barriers: potential novel therapeutic target for cerebral edema and diabetic macular edema
Breakdown of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) or inner blood–retinal barrier (BRB), induced by pathologically elevated levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or other mediators, can lead to vasogenic...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2018 15:24 -
Sex-specific differences in organic anion transporting polypeptide 1a4 (Oatp1a4) functional expression at the blood–brain barrier in Sprague–Dawley rats
Targeting endogenous blood–brain barrier (BBB) transporters such as organic anion transporting polypeptide 1a4 (Oatp1a4) can facilitate drug delivery for treatment of neurological diseases. Advancement of Oatp...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2018 15:25 -
A perfused human blood–brain barrier on-a-chip for high-throughput assessment of barrier function and antibody transport
Receptor-mediated transcytosis is one of the major routes for drug delivery of large molecules into the brain. The aim of this study was to develop a novel model of the human blood–brain barrier (BBB) in a hig...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2018 15:23 -
Accurate, strong, and stable reporting of choroid plexus epithelial cells in transgenic mice using a human transthyretin BAC
Choroid plexus epithelial cells express high levels of transthyretin, produce cerebrospinal fluid and many of its proteins, and make up the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. Choroid plexus epithelial cells ar...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2018 15:22 -
Characteristics of the cerebrospinal fluid pressure waveform and craniospinal compliance in idiopathic intracranial hypertension subjects
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a condition of abnormally high intracranial pressure with an unknown etiology. The objective of this study is to characterize craniospinal compliance and measure t...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2018 15:21 -
Pulsatile flow drivers in brain parenchyma and perivascular spaces: a resistance network model study
In animal models, dissolved compounds in the subarachnoid space and parenchyma have been found to preferentially transport through the cortex perivascular spaces (PVS) but the transport phenomena involved are ...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2018 15:20 -
Extracellular vesicles: mediators and biomarkers of pathology along CNS barriers
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogeneous, nano-sized vesicles that are shed into the blood and other body fluids, which disperse a variety of bioactive molecules (e.g., protein, mRNA, miRNA, DNA and lipi...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2018 15:19 -
Is bulk flow plausible in perivascular, paravascular and paravenous channels?
Transport of solutes has been observed in the spaces surrounding cerebral arteries and veins. Indeed, transport has been found in opposite directions in two different spaces around arteries. These findings hav...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2018 15:17 -
Challenges in cerebrospinal fluid shunting in patients with glioblastoma
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation disturbances may occur during the course of disease in patients with glioblastoma. Ventriculoperitoneal shunting has generally been recommended to improve symptoms in glio...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2018 15:16 -
Comparative transcriptomics of choroid plexus in Alzheimer’s disease, frontotemporal dementia and Huntington’s disease: implications for CSF homeostasis
In Alzheimer’s disease, there are striking changes in CSF composition that relate to altered choroid plexus (CP) function. Studying CP tissue gene expression at the blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier could prov...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2018 15:18