Table 4 Representative reported stimulation parameters

Optical: Thermal energy density brain tissue in PDT

50 J/cm²

[68]

Electrical: Reversible cell membrane permeabilisation

500 V/cm

[120]

Electrical: Applied electric field maximum

500 V/cm

[120]

Electrical: Voltage to distance ratio for BBB opening

200–400 V/cm

[122,123,124,125]

Threshold electroporation

400–600 V/cm

[158]

FUS: Safe and effective sonication power

4–15W

[144]

FUS: Effective BBB frequency range

0.5–1.5 MHz

[144, 145]

FUS: Effective acoustic pressure

0.3–1.0 MPa

[127, 144]

FUS: Effective pulse duration

1.3 MHz

[127, 145]

FUS: Microbubble bursting

 > 0.8 MPa

[136, 144]