Fig. 9

Effect of folate deficiency and PQQ treatment on the gene expression of inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in whole brains of wildtype mice assigned to control (2 mg/kg folate) or FD (0 mg/kg folate) diets. A–D IL-6, IL-1β, CXCL10, and iNOS gene expression was significantly increased in brains of saline-treated FD mice, with the 10-day PQQ treatment resulting in decreased marker expression in FD mouse brains compared to saline control. Results are presented as mean relative mRNA expression compared to the saline vehicle control ± SEM normalized to housekeeping gene cyclophilin B from N = 5–6 mouse brains. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post-hoc test. Asterisks represent significant differences (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001)