Fig. 4

Effect of folate deficiency and PQQ treatment on PGC-1α and NRF-1 gene expression in primary cultures of mouse mixed glial cells. A PGC-1α gene expression was significantly increased in control and FD cells following 48-h PQQ treatment (5 µM). B NRF-1 gene expression was unchanged following 24- and 48-h PQQ treatment (5 µM). Results are presented as mean relative mRNA expression compared to the DMSO vehicle control ± SEM normalized to the housekeeping gene cyclophilin B from N = 5 independent mixed glial preparations. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post-hoc test. Asterisks represent significant differences (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01)