Fig. 3

Effect of folate deficiency on oxidative stress markers in primary cultures of mouse mixed glial cells. A, B iNOS gene expression was significantly increased in FD cells compared to control, with a significant reduction in gene expression observed in FD cells following 24- and 48-h PQQ treatment (5 µm) compared to vehicle. Results are presented as mean relative mRNA expression compared to the DMSO vehicle control ± SEM normalized to the housekeeping gene cyclophilin B from N = 5 independent mixed glial preparations. C Relative ROS levels (oxidation of DCFH) were significantly increased in FD cells compared to vehicle control, with a significant reduction observed following 24-h PQQ treatment (5 µm). Results are presented as a percentage of relative fluorescence units normalized to the vehicle control ± SEM from N = 4 independent mixed glial preparations. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post-hoc test. Asterisks represent significant differences (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001)