Fig. 2

Effect of folate deficiency on inflammatory marker gene expression in primary cultures of mouse mixed glial cells. A-D IL-1β, IL-6, CXCL10, and CCL3 gene expression was significantly increased in FD cells compared to control cells, with a significant reduction in gene expression observed in FD cells following 24- and 48-h PQQ treatment (5 µm) compared to vehicle. Results are presented as mean relative mRNA expression compared to the DMSO vehicle control ± SEM normalized to the housekeeping gene cyclophilin B from N = 5 independent mixed glial preparations. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post-hoc test. Asterisks represent significant differences (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001)