Fig. 10

Effect of folate deficiency and PQQ treatment on the gene expression of PGC-1α/NRF-1 signaling genes in whole brains of wildtype mice assigned to control (2 mg/kg folate) or FD (0 mg/kg folate) diets. A NRF-1 gene expression remained unchanged in control and FD mouse brains following PQQ treatment compared to saline control. B-D PGC-1α, Tfam, and TFB1M gene expression was significantly increased in control and FD mouse brains following PQQ treatment compared to saline vehicle. E TFB2M gene expression was unchanged in control and FD mouse brains following PQQ treatment compared to saline control. Results are presented as mean relative mRNA expression compared to the saline vehicle ± SEM normalized to the housekeeping gene cyclophilin B from N = 5–6 mouse brains. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post-hoc test. Asterisks represent significant differences (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001)