Fig. 2

Solute distribution in the brain assessed by DCE MRI. A Catheter placement (red circle) for CA injection in the cisterna magna is indicated in a representative sagittal anatomical image. B 3D T1w MRIs using a FLASH sequence were continuously acquired before, during and after injection of CA into the cisterna magna for a total of 6 h. C Registration of high-resolution 3D T1w MRI data onto the Waxholm space atlas. Some exemplary brain regions are colored: orange = cortex, purple = cerebellum, light green = olfactory bulb, green = corpus callosum, light blue = striatum, dark blue = hypothalamus, cyan = thalamus). D 3D visualization of some exemplary brain regions of the Waxholm space atlas orange = cortex, yellow = optic nerve, purple = cerebellum, light green = olfactory bulb, blue = spinal cord). E 3D visualization of relative maximum signal after contrast agent application under MED (left), and MED+AZE (right). F Mean time signal curves (TSC) for the different anesthetic regimens group-averaged over all brain regions. Boxplots of TSC parameters time to start (G), time to maximum (H), maximum signal (I), and AUC (J) averaged over all 79 brain regions from all animals (ISO n = 8; MED n = 7; ISO+MED n = 8; ISO+AZE n = 10; MED+AZE n = 8; ISO+MED+AZE n = 8). Kruskal–Wallis test indicated significant differences between groups for all TSC parameters (p < 0.001), the post-hoc analysis was performed using Mann–Whitney-U test (asterisks indicate p-values in the graphs). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001