Table 4 GPCR and ADCY expression and function on BBB integrity

S1PR1

Gα_i/o

Increase

Astrocytes and endothelial cells

[136, 138,139,140]

S1PR2

Gα_i/o, Gα_q/11, and Gα_12/13

Decrease

Pericytes, glia, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells

S1PR3

Gα_i/o, Gα_q/11, and Gα_12/13

Decrease

Astrocytes and endothelial cells

S1PR5

G_αi/o and Gα_12/13

Increase

Oligodendrocytes and endothelial cells

LAPR1

Gα_i/o, Gα_q/11, and Gα_12/13

Decrease

Microglia, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and endothelial cells

[147,148,149,150, 153, 155]

LAPR2

Gα_i/o, Gα_q/11, and Gα_12/13

Decrease

Neuron, fetal astrocytes, and endothelial cells

LAPR3

Gα_i/o and G_αq/11

Decrease

Microglia, astrocytes, and endothelial cells

LAPR6

G_αs and Gα_12/13

Decrease

Microglia, oligodendrocytes, and endothelial cells

CB1

G_αs, Gα_i/o, and G_αq

Increase

Microglia and neurons

[156,157,158,159,160]

CB2

G_αs, Gα_i/o, and G_αq

Increase

Microglia and neurons

AR-A1

Gα_i/o

Decrease

Microglia, neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and endothelial cells

[139, 162, 163]

AR-A2A

G_αs

Decrease

Microglia, neurons, and astrocytes

GPER-1

G_αs and G_βγ

Increase

Neurons

[166,167,168]

C5aR

Gα_i/o

Decrease

Microglia, astrocytes, and neurons

[169, 170]

SSTRs

Gα_i/o and G_βγ

Increase

Neurons

[172,173,174]

GLP1R

G_αs

Increase

Microglia, astrocytes, neurons, and endothelial cells

[175,176,177]

HCAR1

Gα_i/o

Increase

Astrocytes, neurons, and endothelial cells

[178,179,180]