In vitro evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid velocity measurement in type I Chiari malformation: repeatability, reproducibility, and agreement using 2D phase contrast and 4D flow MRI

Table 2 Literature review of repeatability, reproducibility, and agreement studies of PC MRI fluid velocity quantification techniques

Location	Study	In vitro	In vivo	Protocol	Repeatability (STD, σ)	Reproducibility	Agreement	Intra-rater	Inter-rater	Accuracy
Cervical Spine	Williams et al.	x		2D PC MRI	1.04 cm/s	Table 5	Table 5
Cervical Spine	Williams et al.	x		4D Flow	1.83 cm/s	Table 5	Table 5
Cervical Spine	Pahlavian et al. [34]	x		4D Flow						± 1.8 cm/s 95% CI
Cerebral Aqueduct	Sakhare et al. [33]		x	2D PC MRI	0.042 mL/s			0.99 ICC	0.99 ICC
Cerebral Aqueduct	Luetmer et al. [44]	x	x	2D PC MRI	0.291 mL/s			6.4% CV	5.4% CV
Cerebral Aqueduct	Tawfik et al. [43]		x	2D PC MRI	1.9 cm/s			0.88 ICC	0.88 ICC
SAS	Sakhare et al. [33]		x	2D PC MRI	0.981 mL/s			0.94 ICC	0.94 ICC
Upper C2	Koerte et al. [65]		x	2D PC MRI				0.881 ICC	0.985 ICC

ISSN: 2045-8118