Table 1 Literature review of 2D PC MRI (N = 208) and 4D PC MRI (N = 49) in vivo measurements of peak CSF velocities in healthy (H, N = 91) and Chiari malformation patient (P, N = 166) cases

Bunck et al. [54]

4D PC MRI

H (10)

FM

3.6 ± 2.0

1.5

1.5

12–14

10,15

1.5 T Philips Achieva 2.6

C1

3.6 ± 0.8

C2

4.5 ± 1.0

P (2)

C2/C3

19.7 ± 0.2

Bunck et al. [14]

4D PC MRI

H (10)

FM

3.2 ± 1.0

1.5

1.5

12–14

20

1.5 T Philips Achieva 2.6

C1

3.6 ± 0.8

C2

4.0 ± 1.0

P (20)

FM

7.6 ± 5.0

C1

12.8 ± 11.3

C2

8.4 ± 6.9

Yiallourou et al. [55]

4D PC MRI

H (3)

FM

5.2 ± 1.8

1.5

1.5

N/R

10

1.5 T Philips Achieva 2.6

P (4)

FM

11.8 ± 9.0

20

Shah et al. [56]

2D PC MRI

P (17)

FM to C2

5.6 ± 2.6

0.7

5

14

10

N/R

C4

7.5 ± 2.4

Houghton et al. [57]

2D PC MRI

H (10)

FM

2.8 ± 1.0

0.7

5

14

10

1.5 T scanner

P (8)

FM

4.0 ± 1.0

Dolar et al. [58]

2D PC MRI

P (8)

FM

6.8 ± 5.1

0.7

5

14

10

N/R

Kruger et al. [9]

2D PC MRI

P (45)

FM

6.3 ± 4.0

0.7

5

14

10

1.5 T scanner

Hofmann et al. [59]

2D PC MRI

H (18)

C2/C3

3.1 ± 1.7*

0.7

5

16

10

1.5 T scanner

Iskandar et al. [60]

2D PC MRI

H (1)

FM

4.2

0.7

5

14

10

1.5 T scanner

P (8)

FM

9.7 ± 2.3

Rutkowska et al. [61]

2D PC MRI

P (3)

FM

7.5 ± 3.5

0.7

5

N/R

10

1.5 T scanner

Loth et al._ENREF_17 [62]

2D PC MRI

H (1)

C2/C3

4.0

0.7

5

N/R

3–15

1.5 T Signa, GE Medical Systems

Cheng et al. [63]

2D PC MRI

H (1)

C5

2.2*

N/R

5

N/R

N/R

3 T Philips Achieva TX

Alperin et al. [41]

2D PC MRI

H (37)

C2

1.72 ± 0.06

Anisotropic 0.56 × 0.6

5 – 6

32

7 – 8

3 T Magnetom Verio, Siemens

P (36)

C2

1.61 ± 0.05

Alperin et al. [64]

2D PC MRI

P (15)

C2

1.93 ± .78

0.56

5

N/R

7 – 8

3 T Magnetom Trio, Siemens