Table 1 Modeling cerebrovascular disease (CVD) in culture. Summary of current in vitro models of CVD that include the modeled in vitro condition, blood brain barrier (BBB) pathology and utilized in vitro BBB model
CVD | In vitro model condition | BBB pathology | Utilized in vitro BBB model | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Stroke | ||||
Ischemic | OGD (1–5 h) OGD + Reperfusion (reoxygenation + normal glucose level) (1–5 h + 1–96 h) Chemical ischemia (rotenone, antimycin and sodium azide) Enzymatic (GOX, GOX/CAT and 2-deoxyglucose) | Hyperpermeability Cytotoxicity Inflammation BBB recovery Angiogenesis | BEC monolayer 2-D model DIV-BBB 3-D model | [126] [135] |
Hemorrhagic | hemin/hemoglobin +/OGD thrombin ± OGD | Hyperpermeability Cytotoxicity Inflammation | BEC monolayer 2-D model | [187, 189, 207,208,209,210,211] [186] |
Vascular dementia | ||||
CADASIL | Replicative senescence H2O2 (50 μM) modification of telomerase DNA damage NOTCH3 mutation | Senescence Hyperpermeability Inflammation | BEC monolayer hiPSC | [206] |
Vascular malformation | ||||
CCM 1-3 | Gene silencing | Hyperpermeability signaling | BEC monolayer | |