Table 3 Table summarizing changes of the CP in neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases

Neurodegenerative diseases

Alzheimer’s

↑ Lipofuscin vacuoles

[301]

↓ Claudin-5, Claudin-1, Occludin, ZO-1 expression

[233]

↓ AQP 1 expression

[252]

Stromal fibrosis

Thickening of blood vessel

[249]

↓ Mitochondrial activity

↑ Oxidative stress

[246]

↓ Megalin expression

[239]

Basement membrane thickening

[249]

↑ IL-1, IL-6, TNFα secretion

MMP-3 expression

[233]

↑ LRP1 and PgP expression

[240]

↓ CSF production

[248]

CP epithelial cuboidal shape changed

↓ Nucleus size

[233]

↓ TTR expression

[244]

↑ Concentration of IgG

[235]

↑ IFN-I signaling

↓ IFN-γ signaling

[236]

CP epithelial cell atrophy

[241]

Parkinson’s

Modulation of transporters of alpha-synuclein

[257]

Huntington’s

↓ Claudin-5 expression

[258]

Autoimmune

diseases

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

↑ Cadherin expression

[258]

↑ miRNA-155, miRNA-326 expression resulting in loss of TJs

[268, 269]

↑ Lymphocytes in the vessels and stroma followed by increased IgG antibodies

[260]

↑ C3d, C9neo expression within the pericapillary space in NMO

[271]

↑ CCR6 expression on Th-17 cells

[265]

↑ CX3CL1 expression helping Entry of lymphocytes

[267]

Swelling of CP

[270]

↑ VCAM-1 and ICAM-1expression following increase in IFN-γ production

[262]

↑ CCL5, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11 expression upon peripheral immune stimuli

[266]

ALS

Leukocyte trafficking through CP requires IFN-y signaling

[272]