Fig. 11
Adapted from Evensen et al. [177]
Tympanic membrane pressure (TMP) as a surrogate marker of intracranial pressure. (a) Schematic illustration of the anatomical structures involved in measurements of TMP waveforms. The non-invasive TMP waveforms were measured in the outer ear and used as input for the estimation of non-invasive ICP. ICP ICP input signal, CA cochlear aqueduct, OW oval window, RW round window, T tympanic membrane, and S sensor. (b) An example showing 6 seconds of the input signals and the corresponding transfer function estimate based on a total 10 minutes are shown in b1 and b2, respectively. The resulting output from the combination of b1 and the inverse of b2 is presented in b3. (c) The non-invasive ICP waveform estimate (nICP, interrupted red line) is shown together with the invasive ICP waveform (continuous red line) for four different 6-second time windows after the beginning of the measurement. The time delay between the nICP and ICP signals, as seen in b1, has been removed for visual comparison.