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Table 1 Blood–brain barrier and blood–retinal barrier disruption to 99mTc-albumin

From: Disruption of the hippocampal and hypothalamic blood–brain barrier in a diet-induced obese model of type II diabetes: prevention and treatment by the mitochondrial carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, topiramate

Region

Prevention

Efficacy

LF

LF TPM

HF

HF TPM

LF

LF TPM

HF

HF TPM

Whole brain

1.102 ± 0.495

1.599 ± 1.160

3.174 ± 2.237a

0.667 ± 0.413b

0.883 ± 0.452

0.927 ± 0.473

1.672 ± 0.719a

0.534 ± 0.096b

Retina

18.20 ± 7.654

21.37 ± 8.186

38.46 ± 20.53a

29.98 ± 21.77a

19.27 ± 7.943

31.13 ± 8.985

36.40 ± 11.65a

29.62 ± 8.061

Vitreous humor

3.941 ± 1.141

3.591 ± 1.513

6.062 ± 1.613a

6.277 ± 2.636a

5.398 ± 2.516

8.791 ± 4.617

7.917 ± 5.659

6.694 ± 3.447

Olfactory bulb

2.110 ± 1.677

1.701 ± 0.789

2.267 ± 1.871

2.696 ± 1.483

1.697 ± 0.392

1.326 ± 0.653

2.383 ± 1.321

1.486 ± 0.547

Striatum

1.892 ± 0.995

1.746 ± 1.905

1.840 ± 1.167

1.976 ± 1.669

0.795 ± 0.770

0.681 ± 0.512

0.823 ± 0.776

0.412 ± 0.273

Frontal cortex

0.861 ± 0.815

1.081 ± 0.799

2.079 ± 1.736

0.949 ± 0.589

0.752 ± 0.344

0.773 ± 0.356

1.241 ± 0.765

0.522 ± 0.090b

Hypothalamus

1.528 ± 0.411

2.506 ± 2.400

16.41 ± 13.15a

3.123 ± 2.274b

0.815 ± 1.025

0.659 ± 0.667

0.223 ± 0.397

0.579 ± 0.436

Hippocampus

0.630 ± 0.538

2.759 ± 2.324

3.603 ± 3.855

0.984 ± 0.765

0.598 ± 0.458

1.094 ± 0.723

1.742 ± 1.112a

0.339 ± 0.273b

Thalamus

1.196 ± 0.640

1.951 ± 1.424

3.094 ± 3.046

1.273 ± 1.366

0.594 ± 0.510

0.710 ± 0.316

1.328 ± 1.258

0.367 ± 0.219

Parietal cortex

1.119 ± 0.665

1.615 ± 1.486

2.576 ± 2.362

0.871 ± 0.802

0.723 ± 0.412

0.745 ± 0.411

1.359 ± 1.050

0.371 ± 0.125b

Occipital cortex

1.314 ± 0.841

1.982 ± 1.370

2.817 ± 2.521

0.655 ± 0.406

1.070 ± 0.530

0.669 ± 0.547

1.103 ± 0.720

0.406 ± 0.233b

Cerebellum

0.738 ± 0.430

1.087 ± 1.029

2.851 ± 2.483a

0.990 ± 1.150

1.072 ± 0.742

0.899 ± 0.470

0.908 ± 0.458

0.752 ± 0.495

Midbrain

0.947 ± 0.825

1.908 ± 0.943

2.994 ± 2.301

1.936 ± 2.206

0.515 ± 0.288

0.799 ± 0.482

1.260 ± 0.791

0.289 ± 0.220b

Pons-medulla

1.472 ± 0.654

2.191 ± 1.267

3.057 ± 1.969

2.548 ± 1.490

1.361 ± 0.670

1.176 ± 0.420

1.671 ± 0.800

1.598 ± 2.272

  1. 99mTc-albumin was used to assess permeability after TPM treatment
  2. Units, µL/g. Values are expressed as mean ± SD. Significance was determined by a one-way analysis of variance followed by Newman–Keuls post-test
  3. LF low-fat diet + saline group, LF TPM low-fat diet + topiramate group, HF high-fat diet + saline group, HF TPM high-fat diet + topiramate group
  4. aSignificance in comparison to LF control
  5. bSignificance in comparison to HF