Figure 9
From: Impedance-based cell monitoring: barrier properties and beyond
The current pathway at low frequencies on a cerebral endothelial cell monolayer (ECIS method, 400 Hz). At low frequencies the current predominantly flows paracellular (through extracellular matrix proteins) and between adjacent cells (through tight junctions) and the electrolyte (medium), see bold arrows. Adapted from Applied BioPhysics, Inc [28].