Integration of the subarachnoid space and lymphatics: Is it time to embrace a new concept of cerebrospinal fluid absorption?

Koh, Lena; Zakharov, Andrei; Johnston, Miles

doi:10.1186/1743-8454-2-6

Fluids and Barriers of the CNS

Table 1 Summary of important experiments illustrating a link between CSF and the lymphatic system

From: Integration of the subarachnoid space and lymphatics: Is it time to embrace a new concept of cerebrospinal fluid absorption?

					Site of Recovery
First Author	Date	Species	Tracer	Site of Injection	Retropharyngeal Cervical lymph nodes	Olfactory Nerves	Nasal Lymphatics	Nasal Interstitium	Spinal Nerves
Schwalbe [8]	1869	dog, rabbit	Berlin blue	CSF	+
Quincke [9]	1872	dog	mercuric sulfide	CSF	+
Key & Retzius [86]	1875	human	Richardson's blue	CSF	+	+	+	+
Goldmann [87]	1913	dog, rabbit	trypan blue	CSF	+	+
Weed [88]	1914	cat	ferrocyanide-iron solution	CSF	+	+	+	+
Mortensen & Sullivan [23]	1933	dog	brominized oil or thorotrast	CSF	+
Faber [89]	1937	rabbit	X-ray medium	CSF	+	+	+	+
Yoffey & Drinker [90]	1939	rabbit, monkey	India ink	CSF	+	+	+	+
Brierley & Field [39]	1948	rabbit	India ink	CSF	+			+	+
Brierley [91]	1950	rabbit	India ink	CSF					+
Courtice & Simmonds [31]	1951	rabbit	blue dye plasma	CSF	+	+	+
Simmonds [92]	1952	rabbit, cat	blood	CSF	+
Schurr [24]	1953	dog	pantopaque	CSF	+	+	+	+
Woollam [93]	1953	neonatal rat	colloidal carbon	CSF					+
Bowsher [94]	1957	cat	S³⁵ labeled protein	CSF					+
Svane-Knudsen [95]	1958	guinea pig	iron solution	CSF		+		+
Di Chiro [96]	1972	dog	RISA^b	CSF			+	+
Potts [26]	1972	dog	radiopaque mixture	CSF		+
Bradbury [53]	1980	sheep	RISA^b	CSF	+
Bradbury & Cole [54]	1980	cat, rabbit	RISA^b	CSF	+
Hasuo [33]	1981	dog, cat	India ink; 99 mTc-DTPA	CSF	+
McComb [62]	1982	rabbit	RISA^b with dextran or dye	CSF	+	+
Bradbury & Westrop [55]	1983	rabbit	RISA^b	CSF	+	+
Pile-Spellman [97]	1984	cat, rabbit	radiolabelled colloid	CSF	+	+
Love & Leslie [63]	1984	cat	artificial CSF & dextran	CSF	+
McComb [27]	1984	cat	RISA^b & Elliott's B	CSF	+	+
Szentistvanyi [98]	1984	rat	HP^c & or Evan's blue albumin	PAR^a	+	+
Gomez [99]	1985	rabbit	HP^c & Evan's blue	CSF		+	+	+
Erlich [100]	1986	rabbit	ferritin	CSF		+		+
Leeds [101]	1989	dog	Ringer's lactate or blue dye	CSF	+
Harling-Berg [81]	1989	rat	human serum albumin	CSF	+
Wang & Casley-Smith [50]	1989	rat	India ink	PAR^a	+
McComb & Hyman [56]	1990	monkey	RISA^b	CSF	+		+
Yamada [102]	1991	rabbit	RISA^b	PAR^a	+
Tsay [103]	1992	rabbit	saline	CSF	+
Zhang [12]	1992	rat	India ink	CSF / PAR^a	+		+
Kida [11]	1993	rat	India ink	CSF	+	+/-	+	+/-
Kida [14]	1994	rat	India ink	PAR^a	+	+/-	+	+/-
Botel [69]	1994	cat, rat, dog, monkey	X-ray medium	CSF	+	+		+
Brinker [30]	1994	cat, dog, monkey	dye, dextran, X-ray medium	CSF	+	+	+	+
Hunter [104]	1995	rabbit	nanoparticulate contrast	CSF / PAR^a	+
Slusarczyk [105]	1996	rat	India ink	CSF	+
Boulton [106]	1996	sheep	RISA^b	CSF	+				+
Miura [40]	1998	monkey	carbon particles	CSF	+				+
Boulton [58]	1999	rat	RISA^b	CSF	+
Silver [65]	1999	sheep	artificial CSF	CSF	+
Bozanovic-Sosic [41]	2001	sheep	RISA^b	CSF					+
Zakharov [16]	2003	neonatal sheep	Microfil	CSF	+	+	+	+/-	+
Vega & Jonakait [107]	2004	rat	India ink	CSF	+
Zakharov [17]	2004	neonatal sheep	Microfil	CSF	+	+	+	+/-
Johnston [15]	2004	sheep, pig, rabbit, rat mouse, monkey, human	Microfil	CSF	+	+	+	+/-
Johnston [108]	2005	monkey	Microfil	CSF	+	+	+	+/-

^a parenchyma
^b radioisotope iodinated serum albumin
^c horseradish peroxidase

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ISSN: 2045-8118

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