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  1. Undisturbed functioning of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) crucially depends on paracellular signaling between its associated cells; particularly endothelial cells, pericytes and astrocytes. Hypoxic and ischemic...

    Authors: Sabrina Engelhardt, Sheng-Fu Huang, Shalmali Patkar, Max Gassmann and Omolara O Ogunshola
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2015 12:4
  2. Beta-endorphin (β-END) is an opioid neuropeptide which has an important role in the development of hypotheses concerning the non-synaptic or paracrine communication of brain messages. This kind of communicatio...

    Authors: Jan G Veening and Henk P Barendregt
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2015 12:3
  3. Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is most common in the elderly and has a high co-morbidity with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and cerebrovascular disease (CVD). To understand the relationship between NPH, AD and...

    Authors: Gerald D Silverberg, Miles C Miller, Crissey L Pascale, Ilias N Caralopoulos, Yuksel Agca, Cansu Agca and Edward G Stopa
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2015 12:2
  4. In June 2014 Dr. Joseph D. Fenstermacher celebrated his 80th birthday, which was honored by the symposium held in New London, NH, USA. This review discusses Fenstermacher’s contribution to the field of fluids ...

    Authors: Adam Chodobski, Jean-François Ghersi-Egea, Charles Nicholson, Tavarekere N Nagaraja and Joanna Szmydynger-Chodobska
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2015 12:1
  5. We have recently shown that mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) have increased sleep fragmentation (SF) and reduced sleep efficiency, and that the extent of SF correlates with the severit...

    Authors: Junyun He, Hung Hsuchou, Yi He, Abba J Kastin, Pramod K Mishra, Jidong Fang and Weihong Pan
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2014 11:27
  6. Cefadroxil, a cephalosporin antibiotic, is a substrate for several membrane transporters including peptide transporter 2 (PEPT2), organic anion transporters (OATs), multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MR...

    Authors: Xiaomei Chen, Irena Loryan, Maryam Payan, Richard F Keep, David E Smith and Margareta Hammarlund-Udenaes
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2014 11:25
  7. Incidental white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) are common findings on T2-weighted magnetic resonance images of the aged brain and have been associated with cognitive decline. While a variety of pathogenic mechan...

    Authors: Valerie C Anderson, James T Obayashi, Jeffrey A Kaye, Joseph F Quinn, Phillip Berryhill, Louis P Riccelli, Dean Peterson and William D Rooney
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2014 11:24
  8. A tool for standardized and repeated neuropsychological assessments in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (INPH) is needed. The objective of this study was to develop a computerized neurops...

    Authors: Anders Behrens, Anders Eklund, Eva Elgh, Cynthia Smith, Michael A Williams and Jan Malm
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2014 11:22
  9. Limiting expansion of the ischemic core lesion by reinstating blood flow and protecting the penumbral cells is a priority in acute stroke treatment. However, at present, methods are not available for effective...

    Authors: Tavarekere N Nagaraja, Kelly A Keenan, Madhava P Aryal, James R Ewing, Saarang Gopinath, Varun S Nadig, Sukruth Shashikumar and Robert A Knight
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2014 11:21
  10. Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is one of few types of dementia that can be treated with shunt surgery and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion. It is frequently present with cerebral vasculopat...

    Authors: Per Kristian Eide and Are Hugo Pripp
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2014 11:19
  11. This article reviews current knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the initial hemorrhage and secondary blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction in primary spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in adults. M...

    Authors: Richard F Keep, Ningna Zhou, Jianming Xiang, Anuska V Andjelkovic, Ya Hua and Guohua Xi
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2014 11:18
  12. Brinker et al. extensively reviewed recent findings about CSF circulation in a recent article: “A new look at cerebrospinal circulation”, but did not analyze some important available data in sufficient detail. Fo...

    Authors: Darko Orešković and Marijan Klarica
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2014 11:16
  13. Glutaric acid (GA) is a dicarboxylic acid that accumulates in millimolar concentrations in glutaric acidemia I (GA-I), an inherited neurometabolic childhood disease characterized by extensive neurodegeneration...

    Authors: Eugenia Isasi, Luis Barbeito and Silvia Olivera-Bravo
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2014 11:15
  14. Highly abundant proteins in biological fluids such as serum or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) can hinder the detection of proteins in lower abundance, e.g., potential biomarkers. Commercial products are available for ...

    Authors: Ramona Günther, Eberhard Krause, Michael Schümann, Jérome Ausseil, Jean-Michel Heard, Ingolf E Blasig and Reiner F Haseloff
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2014 11:14
  15. This editorial announces a new affiliation between Fluids and Barriers of the CNS (FBCNS) and the International Brain Barriers Society (IBBS) with mutual benefits to the journal and to society members. This is a ...

    Authors: Lester R Drewes, Hazel C Jones and Richard F Keep
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2014 11:13
  16. Many aspects of CSF dynamics are poorly understood due to the difficulties involved in quantification and visualization. In particular, there is debate surrounding the route of CSF drainage. Our aim was to qua...

    Authors: Lucy A Murtha, Qing Yang, Mark W Parsons, Christopher R Levi, Daniel J Beard, Neil J Spratt and Damian D McLeod
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2014 11:12
  17. The lack of absorption of CSF at the vertex in chronic hydrocephalus has been ascribed to an elevation in the arachnoid granulation outflow resistance (Rout). The CSF infusion studies measuring Rout are dependent...

    Authors: Grant A Bateman and Sabbir H Siddique
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2014 11:11
  18. According to the traditional understanding of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) physiology, the majority of CSF is produced by the choroid plexus, circulates through the ventricles, the cisterns, and the subarachnoid ...

    Authors: Thomas Brinker, Edward Stopa, John Morrison and Petra Klinge
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2014 11:10
  19. Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is a treatable cause of dementia, gait disturbance, and urinary incontinence in elderly patients with ventriculomegaly. Its unique morphological feature, called ...

    Authors: Namiko Nishida, Nanae Nagata, Hiroki Toda, Naoto Jingami, Kengo Uemura, Akihiko Ozaki, Mitsuhito Mase, Yoshihiro Urade, Sadayuki Matsumoto, Koichi Iwasaki and Masatsune Ishikawa
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2014 11:9
  20. Cerebrovascular complications involving endothelial dysfunction at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are central to the pathogenesis of diabetes-related CNS disorders. However, clinical and experimental studies ha...

    Authors: Ravi K Sajja, Shikha Prasad and Luca Cucullo
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2014 11:8
  21. The chemokine CCL2 is a critical mediator of neuroinflammation in diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). CCL2 drives mononuclear cell in...

    Authors: Bandana Shrestha, Shujun Ge and Joel S Pachter
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2014 11:6
  22. Cerebrospinal fluid absorption (CSF) at the cribriform plate is mediated by direct extracranial connections to the lymphatic system. Given the accessibility of these pharmacologically responsive vessels we hyp...

    Authors: Harold Kim, Sara A Moore and Miles G Johnston
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2014 11:4
  23. Primary infection with or reactivation of varicella zoster virus (VZV) can cause neurologic complications, which typically result in an intrathecal production of VZV-specific antibodies. Intrathecal antibodies...

    Authors: Carolin Otto, Jörg Hofmann, Carsten Finke, Mathias Zimmermann and Klemens Ruprecht
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2014 11:3
  24. The neuroepithelia of the choroid plexus (CP) in the brain and the ciliary body (CB) of the eye have common embryological origins and share similar micro-structure and functions. The CP epithelium (CPE) and th...

    Authors: Sarah F Janssen, Theo GMF Gorgels, Jacoline B ten Brink, Nomdo M Jansonius and Arthur AB Bergen
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2014 11:2
  25. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) cardiac gated phase contrast (PC) cine techniques have non-invasively shown the effect of the cardiac pulse on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) movement. Echo planar imaging (EPI) has...

    Authors: Shinya Yamada, Mitsue Miyazaki, Yuichi Yamashita, Cheng Ouyang, Masao Yui, Masao Nakahashi, Seiko Shimizu, Ikuo Aoki, Yukuo Morohoshi and James Gordon McComb
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2013 10:36
  26. Mouse models are commonly used to study central nervous system disorders, in which cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage may be disturbed. However, mouse CSF drainage into lymphatics has not been thoroughly chara...

    Authors: Emily Mathieu, Neeru Gupta, R Loch Macdonald, Jinglu Ai and Yeni H Yücel
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2013 10:35
  27. In hydrocephalus an imbalance between production and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) results in fluid accumulation, compression and stretching of the brain parenchyma. In addition, changes in CSF compo...

    Authors: Irum Naureen, Khawaja AIrfan Waheed, Ahsen W Rathore, Suresh Victor, Conor Mallucci, John R Goodden, Shahid N Chohan and Jaleel A Miyan
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2013 10:34
  28. Reliable human in vitro blood–brain barrier (BBB) models suitable for high-throughput screening are urgently needed in early drug discovery and development for assessing the ability of promising bioactive compoun...

    Authors: Daniela E Eigenmann, Gongda Xue, Kwang S Kim, Ashlee V Moses, Matthias Hamburger and Mouhssin Oufir
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2013 10:33
  29. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-19, an endocrine FGF protein mainly produced by the ileum, stimulates metabolic activity and alleviates obesity. FGF19 modulates metabolism after either intravenous or intracereb...

    Authors: Hung Hsuchou, Weihong Pan and Abba J Kastin
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2013 10:32
  30. Elevated uric acid (UA) is commonly associated with gout and it is also a known cardiovascular disease risk factor. In contrast to such deleterious effects, UA possesses neuroprotective properties in the brain...

    Authors: Naoko H Tomioka, Makiko Nakamura, Masaru Doshi, Yoshiharu Deguchi, Kimiyoshi Ichida, Takayuki Morisaki and Makoto Hosoyamada
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2013 10:31
  31. Chemokines and cytokines in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum have been extensively studied in adults with neuroborreliosis (NB), whereas there are limited data about the pediatric population. In adults, T h...

    Authors: Zuzana Liba, Jana Kayserova and Vladimir Komarek
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2013 10:30
  32. Organic anion transporting polypeptide (Oatp) transporters at the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-retinal barrier (BRB), which consists of retinal capillary endothelial cells and retinal pigment epithe...

    Authors: Shin-ichi Akanuma, Shiro Hirose, Masanori Tachikawa and Ken-ichi Hosoya
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2013 10:29
  33. The human cerebral microvascular endothelial cell line, hCMEC/D3, has been used extensively to model the blood–brain barrier (BBB) in vitro. Recently, we reported that cytokine-treatment induced loss of brain end...

    Authors: Miguel Alejandro Lopez-Ramirez, David Kingsley Male, Chunfang Wang, Basil Sharrack, Dongsheng Wu and Ignacio Andres Romero
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2013 10:27
  34. The choroid plexuses are the interface between the blood and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contained within the ventricular spaces of the central nervous system. The tight junctions linking adjacent cells of t...

    Authors: Ingrid Kratzer, Shane A Liddelow, Norman R Saunders, Kate M Dziegielewska, Nathalie Strazielle and Jean-Francois Ghersi-Egea
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2013 10:25
  35. Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) enters the brain by crossing the blood–brain barrier (BBB) as both free virus and within infected immune cells. Previous work showed that activation of the innate immune ...

    Authors: Shinya Dohgu and William A Banks
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2013 10:23
  36. Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (INPH) is a syndrome of ventriculomegaly, gait impairment, cognitive decline and incontinence that occurs in an elderly population prone to many types of comorbidities....

    Authors: Jan Malm, Neill R Graff-Radford, Masatsune Ishikawa, Bo Kristensen, Ville Leinonen, Etsuro Mori, Brian K Owler, Mats Tullberg, Michael A Williams and Norman R Relkin
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2013 10:22
  37. Proteomics has opened a new horizon in biological sciences. Global proteomic analysis is a promising technology for the discovery of thousands of proteins, post-translational modifications, polymorphisms, and ...

    Authors: Yasuo Uchida, Masanori Tachikawa, Wataru Obuchi, Yutaro Hoshi, Yusuke Tomioka, Sumio Ohtsuki and Tetsuya Terasaki
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2013 10:21
  38. Restless Legs Syndrome/Willis-Ekbom Disease (RLS/WED) is a sensorimotor disorder that causes patients to experience overwhelming and distressing sensations in the legs compelling the patient to move their legs...

    Authors: Stephanie M Patton, Yong Won Cho, Thomas W Clardy, Richard P Allen, Christopher J Earley and James R Connor
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2013 10:20
  39. Histamine is an ubiquitous inflammatory mediator of numerous physiological processes. Histamine and its receptors have been implicated in multiple sclerosis (MS) disease pathogenesis. We prospectively enrolled...

    Authors: Ulf Kallweit, Kosuke Aritake, Claudio L Bassetti, Stephan Blumenthal, Osamu Hayaishi, Michael Linnebank, Christian R Baumann and Yoshihiro Urade
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2013 10:19
  40. Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is a water channel mainly located in the ventricular ependymal cells (brain-CSF barrier), the sub-ependymal glia, glia limitans and in end-feet of astrocytes in at the blood–brain barrier (B...

    Authors: Leandro Castañeyra-Ruiz, Ibrahim González-Marrero, Juan M González-Toledo, Agustin Castañeyra-Ruiz, Héctor de Paz-Carmona, Agustín Castañeyra-Perdomo and Emilia M Carmona-Calero
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2013 10:18