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Fig. 6 | Fluids and Barriers of the CNS

Fig. 6

From: Long-term administration of CU06-1004 ameliorates cerebrovascular aging and BBB injury in aging mouse model

Fig. 6

Effects of CU06-1004 on neuropathological changes in the aging brain. Aging affects the induction of astrocyte activation. A Histopathological analysis of astrocyte activation in the brains of 6-week-old (young), 24-month-old vehicle-treated (old-veh), and 24-month-old CU06-1004–treated mice (old-1004). Histopathological alterations were evaluated using immunohistochemistry (3,3′-diaminobenzidine [DAB]) and immunofluorescence staining. The cytoplasmic glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive astrocytes were observed in the hippocampus of all three groups. Double immunofluorescence showed increased GFAP-positive astrocytes in the hippocampus of aged mice compared with the hippocampus of young mice. Scale bar = 50 µm. B Astrocyte activation was quantified using fluorescent intensity. C Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6 in young, old-veh, and old-1004 mice. D–G Expression of inflammatory proteins in brain tissue extracts. β-actin was the internal control (n = 2–5 per group). ICAM-1, intracellular adhesion molecule 1; VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1; COX-2, cyclooxygenase 2. All data were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance, followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test. ###P < 0.001 vs. young. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs. old-veh. B, C Results are presented as the mean, and error bars represent the standard deviation. E–G Results are presented as the mean, and error bars represent the standard error of the mean

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