Measurements of cerebrospinal fluid production: a review of the limitations and advantages of current methodologies

Liu, Guojun; Ladrón-de-Guevara, Antonio; Izhiman, Yara; Nedergaard, Maiken; Du, Ting

doi:10.1186/s12987-022-00382-4

Fluids and Barriers of the CNS

Table 1 Measurement of cerebrospinal fluid production rate in different species

From: Measurements of cerebrospinal fluid production: a review of the limitations and advantages of current methodologies

Species	Type of methods	Site of CSF collection	Rate of CSF production	References
Human
	Roentgenographic method	Both lateral ventricles	71 μL/min	Deck and Potts [42]
	Indirect perfusion method (children)	All ventricles (lumbar subarachnoid)	370 μL/min	Rubin et al. [75]
	Indirect perfusion method (children)	All ventricles (lumbar subarachnoid)	350 μL/min	Cutler et al. [77]
	Direct method (CSF withdrawn)	All ventricles (lumbar subarachnoid)	319 μL/min	Masserman [84]
	MRI	Both lateral ventricles, 3rd ventricle	300 μL/min	Huang et al. [104]
	MRI	Both lateral ventricles, 3rd ventricle	600 μL/min	Piechnik et al. [105]
	MRI	Both lateral ventricles, 3rd ventricle	1200 μL/min	Penn et al. [106]
	MRI	Both lateral ventricles, 3rd ventricle	680 μL/min	Gideon et al. [107]
	MRI	Both lateral ventricles, 3rd ventricle	740 μL/min	Yoshida et al. [108]
	ASL-MRI (Arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging)	Both lateral ventricles	2.7 μL/min	Evans et al. [130]
Calf
	Indirect perfusion method	All ventricles	290 μL/min	Calhoun et al. [199]
Sheep
	Extracorporeal perfusion of Choroid Plexus	Choroid Plexus of later ventricle	0.13 μL/min/mg (Relation to wt. choroid plexus)	Pollay et al. [39]
Goat
	Indirect perfusion method	All ventricles	150 μL/min	Pappenheimer et al.[40]
	Indirect perfusion method	All ventricles	160 μL/min	Heisey et al. [59]
	Indirect perfusion method	All ventricles	181.35 μL/min	Pollay and Curl [37]
Dog
	Roentgenographic method	Both lateral ventricles	4 ~ 7 μL/min	Potts and Bergland [43]
	Indirect perfusion method	All ventricles	65 μL/min	Sato et al. [147]
	Indirect perfusion method	All ventricles	53 μL/min	Oppelt ea al. [200]
	Indirect perfusion method	All ventricles	46.7 μL/min	Vela AR et al. [60]
	Direct method	All ventricles	30 μL/min	Riser [79]
	Direct method	All ventricles	50 μL/min	Bering [148]
Cat
	Indirect perfusion method	All ventricles	15 μL/min	Oreskovic [149]
	Direct perfusion method	Both lateral ventricles and 3rd ventricle	12.1 μL/min	Flexner and Winters [80]
Rabbit
	Comparison of relative cell volumes between the vein of choroid plexus and aorta	Choroid Plexus of both later ventricles and 4th ventricle	0.37 μL/min/mg (Relation to wt. choroid plexus)	Welch [35]
	Indirect perfusion method	All ventricles	12.67 μL/min	Pollay and Curl [37]
	Indirect perfusion method	All ventricles	12.1 μL/min	Pollay [201]
Rat
	Indirect perfusion method	All ventricles	3.38 μL/min	Chodobski et al. [150]
	Direct perfusion method	Both lateral ventricles and 3rd ventricle	0.39–1.40 μL/min	Kaimy et al. [82]
Mouse
	Indirect perfusion method	All ventricles	0.325 μL/min	Rudick et al. [151]
	Direct perfusion method	Both lateral ventricles and 3rd ventricle	0.090 μL/min	Liu et al. [66]
Shark
Dogfish	Indirect perfusion method	All ventricles	4 μL/min	Oppelt et al. [146]
Nurse sharks	Indirect perfusion method	All ventricles	5 μL/min	Oppelt et al. [146]
Lemon sharks	Indirect perfusion method	All ventricles	4 μL/min	Oppelt et al. [146]

Back to article page

ISSN: 2045-8118

Contact us

Submission enquiries: journalsubmissions@springernature.com