Fig. 4From: The effect of A1 and A2 reactive astrocyte expression on hydrocephalus shunt failureTargeted therapies that inhibit cell activation to reduce adhesion on the shunt surface. A A1 reactive astrocytes treated with neutralizing antibodies to TNF-α, IL-1α, and anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-β. B A2 reactive astrocytes treated with neutralizing antibodies to TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Statistical analysis was carried out using two-tailed unpaired Student’s t-test; *p < 0.05 (n = 3 per group, mean ± SEM). Cell count covering each well of a 24-well plate with a surface area of 1.9 cm2 is measuredBack to article page