Table 1 Name and description of clinical and instrumental measurements
Variable (unit of measurement) | Description |
|---|---|
Clinical variables | |
nSteps2turn | Number of steps for 180° turn |
Tinetti Balance | Tinetti balance score. Range 0–16, positively oriented [29] |
Tinetti Gait | Tinetti gait score. Range 0–12, positively oriented [29] |
Tinetti Total | Tinetti total score = Tinetti balance score + Tinetti gait score. Range 0–28, positively oriented. The Tinetti scale is also known as Performance Oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA) [29] |
GSS | Gait Status Scale. Scale for evaluating postural and gait disturbances in iNPH patients. Eight items, range 0–16, negatively oriented [30] |
iNPH-GS | iNPH Grading Scale. Scale to grade the severity of patients with iNPH on three domains: cognition, gait, and urinary disturbances. Range 0–12, negatively oriented [30] |
FIM | Functional Independence Measure. It measures the level of disability in patients with functional mobility impairments. Range 18–126, positively oriented [32] |
Rankin Scale | Scale for measuring disability. Often used for stroke or other neurological patients. Range 0–6, negatively oriented [33] |
TUG—18mW | |
TestDuration (s) | Time spent to complete the test |
TotalSteps (steps) | Total number of steps to complete the test |
WalkTime [TUG] (s) | Time spent walking during the TUG |
StandTime [TUG] (s) | Time to stand up from the chair |
SitTime [TUG] (s) | Time to sit down on the chair |
TurnSteps [TUG] | Number of steps for turning 180° around the cone during TUG execution |
Cadence (steps/min) | Mean number of steps per minute |
StrideLength (cm) | Mean value of strides length |
DoubleSupport (% of gait cycle) | Mean value of the percentage of gait cycles spent in double support phase (both feet touching the ground) |
GaitSpeed (cm/s) | Mean of the gait speed |
TrunkInclination (degrees) | Mean of the trunk inclination on the sagittal plane with respect to the vertical axis, determined according to [17] |
maxTC1 (cm) | Maximum foot clearance occurring in the time frame between foot off and mid swing events, determined according to [42] |
maxTC2 (cm) | Maximum foot clearance between mid swing and initial contact, determined according to [42] |
minTC (cm) | Minimum foot clearance between mid swing and initial contact, determined according to [42] |
PitchAtTC2 (degrees) | Angle of foot inclination in the sagittal plane in correspondence of the maximum foot clearance between the phase of mid swing and initial contact. This value is obtained after the removal of inclination offset due to the sensor position on the shoe (the minus sign of the angle is therefore misleading) |
pci | Phase coordination index, expressing variability and inaccuracy in gait bilateral coordination as proposed by Plotnik et al. [43] |
StrideSD (cs) | Standard deviation of stride time, expressing gait variability |
psdF (Hz) | Parameter indicative of the frequency at which the energy of feet motion is maximum. The medio-lateral angular velocity of each foot is detrended and their power spectral densities are then calculated with the Welch method. The two frequencies where these—right and left—power spectral densities are maximum are determined. psdF is the mean between the two frequencies |
psdW (Hz) | Parameter indicative of the energy dispersion of feet motion. The medio-lateral angular velocity from each foot is detrended and their power spectral densities are calculated with the Welch method. The—right and left—widths of the base of the peaks of these two power spectral densities are determined. psdW is the mean between the two widths |