Fig. 1

The injection of kaolin induced hydrocephalus in pigs. Representative magnetic resonance images showing the most pronounced increase of the body (A′, B′) compared to the frontal horn (A, B) of the lateral ventricles from sham control and hydrocephalic pigs. Representative images of hematoxylin–eosin staining in (C, C′) sham control, and (D, D′) hydrocephalic pigs showing the most expansion of the lateral ventricles (lv). Scale bars represent 1 mm in A–B′, and 0.5 mm in C–D′. E Graph illustrating the significant increase in total ventricular volume in hydrocephalic pigs. F Graph illustrating the proportional volume changes in the frontal horn and body; note that while both regions exhibited significant ventriculomegaly, the body expanded more than the frontal horn. G Representative 3D reconstruction of the ventricular system, based on ventricular volumes and including the olfactory ventricle (ob, green), frontal horn (yellow), body (purple), atrium (light blue), temporal horn (orange), third ventricle (dark blue and 3v with arrow), and forth ventricle (4v, pink) in the sham control (sham) and hydrocephalic (hydro) pig. Means with 95% confidence intervals are shown. **p = 0.001 Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test