Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population
|  | MS (n = 40) | RRMS (n = 26) | PMS (n = 14) | HCs (n = 20) | MS vs. HCs p-value | RRMS vs. PMS p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female, n (%) | 24 (60) | 15 (57.7) | 9 (64.3) | 15 (75) | 0.39 | 0.746 |
Age, mean ± SD | 51.6 ± 9.1 | 48.8 ± 9.7 | 56.7 ± 4.9 | 47.4 ± 12.9 | 0.146 | 0.002 |
Follow-up period, mean ± SD | 5.6 ± 0.6 | 5.5 ± 0.6 | 5.7 ± 0.6 | 5.5 ± 0.5 | 0.858 | 0.423 |
Disease duration, mean ± SD | 16.2 ± 10.6 | 12.2 ± 9.0 | 23.6 ± 9.6 | – | – | < 0.001 |
EDSS at BL, median (IQR) | 2.5 (1.5–4.75) | 1.5 (1.5–2.5) | 5.5 (3.4–6.5) | – | – | < 0.001 |
EDSS at FU, median (IQR) | 2.5 (1.5–6.0) | 2.0 (1.5–3.0) | 6.0 (4.0–6.5) | – |  | < 0.001 |
DMT use at baseline, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Interferon-β | 12 (30) | 10 (38.4) | 2 (21.4) | – | – | 0.51 |
 Glatiramer acetate | 12 (30) | 6 (23.1) | 6 (42.9) | – | ||
 Natalizumab | 7 (17.5) | 4 (15.4) | 3 (21.4) | – | ||
 No DMT | 9 (22.5) | 6 (23.1) | 3 (21.4) | – | ||
 T2 LV change, mean ± SD | 13.8 ± 34.4 | 20.5 ± 39.7 | 0.9 ± 14.6 | – |  | 0.095 |
 Annualized T2 LV change, mean ± SD | 2.5 ± 6.6 | 3.8 ± 7.7 | 0.2 ± 2.6 | – | – | 0.112 |
 WBV loss, mean ± SD | − 2.6 ± 1.5 | − 2.6 ± 1.4 | − 2.5 ± 1.5 | – | – | 0.831 |
 Annualized WBV loss, mean ± SD | − 0.43 ± 0.22 | − 0.48 ± 0.27 | − 0.46 ± 0.27 | – | – | 0.779 |
 vCSF expansion, mean ± SD | 13.7 ± 10.5 | 12.5 ± 9.9 | 15.8 ± 11.6 | – | – | 0.384 |
 Annualized vCSF expansion, mean ± SD | 2.29 ± 1.8 | 2.26 ± 1.8 | 2.89 ± 2.1 | – | – | 0.353 |
 Thalamus atrophy, mean ± SD | − 4.7% ± 4.7 | − 4.5% ± 5.0 | − 5.1%4.3 | – | – | 0.701 |
 Annualized thalamus atrophy, mean ± SD | − 0.85 ± 0.88 | − 0.81 ± 0.9 | − 0.92 ± 0.8 | – | – | 0.724 |