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Fig. 4 | Fluids and Barriers of the CNS

Fig. 4

From: In Xenopus ependymal cilia drive embryonic CSF circulation and brain development independently of cardiac pulsatile forces

Fig. 4

In Xenopus tropicalis polarized embryonic CSF circulation forms independent of cardiac forces. a, g Widefield image of the heart vicinity and OCT image of the dorsal cardinal vein of a stage 46 tadpole. White circle outlines the cardiac sac. Black dotted line marks the heart and the outflow tract of the tadpole pre-cardiac ablation. The absence of the heart is shown post-cardiac ablation. White arrows point to the outer vein walls and a temporally color-coded image indicates the presence or absence of blood flow. b, h Mid-sagittal plane in vivo OCT image of the ventricular space. c, i CSF polarity flow map. d, j Post-Gaussian processing CSF flow map. e, k Median compartmental median CSF flow speed. f, l Average compartmental area. (Additional file 10: Movie S8). CSF: cerebrospinal fluid; OCT: optical coherence tomography, Lat-v: lateral ventricle, III: 3rd ventricle, M: midbrain ventricle, IV: 4th ventricle

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Fluids and Barriers of the CNS

ISSN: 2045-8118