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Fig. 2 | Fluids and Barriers of the CNS

Fig. 2

From: In Xenopus ependymal cilia drive embryonic CSF circulation and brain development independently of cardiac pulsatile forces

Fig. 2

Particle tracking with Gaussian process regression enables compartmental CSF flow speed measurements. a Mid-sagittal plane in vivo OCT imaging of a stage 46 tadpole outlining brain structures and ventricular spaces. b CSF polarity map based on temporally color-coded frames 1–1000 at the mid-sagittal plane delineates particle trajectories of 5 discrete flow fields (labeled 1–5). FF1: telencephalic, FF2: diencephalic, FF3: mesencephalic, FF4: anterior rhombencephalic, FF5: posterior rhombencephalic (red: clockwise, blue: counterclockwise). c Compartmentally-matched median CSF flow speed based on particle tracking using Gaussian process regression showing a caudo-rostral speed gradient. c1) Lateral ventricle: 3.5 µm/s, c2) III ventricle: 6.2 µm/s, c3) Midbrain ventricle: 6.6 µm/s, c4) Anterior IV ventricle: 11.8 µm/s, c5) Posterior IV ventricle: 33.2 µm/s. CSF: cerebrospinal fluid; a: anterior, p: posterior, d: dorsal, v: ventral, Lat-v: lateral ventricle, III: 3rd ventricle, M: midbrain ventricle, IV: 4th ventricle

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