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Fig. 1 | Fluids and Barriers of the CNS

Fig. 1

From: In Xenopus ependymal cilia drive embryonic CSF circulation and brain development independently of cardiac pulsatile forces

Fig. 1

Xenopus tropicalis ventricular development map by OCT imaging. Widefield and mid-sagittal plane in vivo OCT imaging of an individual embryo at various stages to track ventricular development. a Stage 19; the earliest stage at which ventricular space is visible. b Stage 26; rostral expansion of the ventricular space is shown. c Stage 32; caudal expansion and the earliest detectable intraventricular particle movement (Additional file 2: Movie S1). d Stage 39; continued caudal expansion and 4 distinct polarized flow fields are visible (Additional file 2: Movie S1). e Stage 46; further caudal expansion and 5 distinct polarized flow fields are visible (Additional file 2: Movie S1). f Stage 48; intraventricular particle density diminishes. g Stage 49; Anterior (red circle) and posterior (green circle) choroid plexus visible. h Rostrocaudal ventricular expansion progression. CSF: cerebrospinal fluid; CP: choroid plexus; OCT: optical coherence tomography, a: anterior; p: posterior; d: dorsal; v: ventral

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