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Table 1 Animal models of HAND

From: Potential pharmacological approaches for the treatment of HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders

Name

Neuropathology

Neurological and behaviour deficits

Transgenic rodent models

 gp120 Tg mice

Astrogliosis, neuronal premature death, decreased dendritic arborization [166]

Age-specific memory deficits [167, 168]

 GFAP-Tat Tg mice

Astrogliosis, neuronal premature death, increased monocyte and T-cell infiltration [169]

Tremor, ataxia, slowed cognitive and motor movements, seizures and hunched gestures [169]

 Vpr Tg mice

Neurodegeneration [139, 170]

Hyper excitability, aberrant motor activity [139, 170]

 gag-pol depleted HIV-1 Tg mice

Reactive gliosis, vascular endothelial apoptosis [172]

Circling behaviour, hind limb paralysis [172]

Human reconstitution models

 HIVE mice

Neuronal cell death, astrogliosis, microglial activation [184,185,186,187]

Impaired working and spatial memory [184,185,186,187]

 huPBL-HIVE mice

Astrogliosis, increased microglia activation, increased expression of IL-6, iNOS and IL-1β [188]

Not evaluated to date

 hCD34+ cells and mouse lymphoid tissue repopulation

Reduction of neuronal soma, meningitis, astrogliosis, encephalitis [190, 191, 194, 195]

Not evaluated to date

 BLT mice

Detectable viral load in the brain [196,197,198,199]

Not evaluated to date

 Chimeric viruses

  EcoHIV

Detectable viral load in the brain, neuroinflammation, loss of MAP-2 and synapsin II staining [179, 337]

Impaired working and spatial memory [179, 181, 182]

Non-rodent animal models

 SIV infected macaques

Depletion of CD4+ cells, detectable viral load in the brain, neuroinflammation, neuronal loss [162]

Impaired performance in tasks assessing memory, fine/general motor skills, motivation, reaction time, spatial working memory [338]

 FIV infected cats

Encephalopathy, reduced peripherical and motor neuron conductance [206, 207]

Aggression, loss of socialization, gait changes [206, 207]