Table 1 Animal models of HAND
From: Potential pharmacological approaches for the treatment of HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders
| Name | Neuropathology | Neurological and behaviour deficits |
|---|---|---|
| Transgenic rodent models | ||
| gp120 Tg mice | Astrogliosis, neuronal premature death, decreased dendritic arborization [166] | Age-specific memory deficits [167, 168] |
| GFAP-Tat Tg mice | Astrogliosis, neuronal premature death, increased monocyte and T-cell infiltration [169] | Tremor, ataxia, slowed cognitive and motor movements, seizures and hunched gestures [169] |
| Vpr Tg mice | Neurodegeneration [139, 170] | Hyper excitability, aberrant motor activity [139, 170] |
| gag-pol depleted HIV-1 Tg mice | Reactive gliosis, vascular endothelial apoptosis [172] | Circling behaviour, hind limb paralysis [172] |
| Human reconstitution models | ||
| HIVE mice | Neuronal cell death, astrogliosis, microglial activation [184,185,186,187] | Impaired working and spatial memory [184,185,186,187] |
| huPBL-HIVE mice | Astrogliosis, increased microglia activation, increased expression of IL-6, iNOS and IL-1β [188] | Not evaluated to date |
| hCD34+ cells and mouse lymphoid tissue repopulation | Reduction of neuronal soma, meningitis, astrogliosis, encephalitis [190, 191, 194, 195] | Not evaluated to date |
| BLT mice | Detectable viral load in the brain [196,197,198,199] | Not evaluated to date |
| Chimeric viruses | ||
| EcoHIV | Detectable viral load in the brain, neuroinflammation, loss of MAP-2 and synapsin II staining [179, 337] | Impaired working and spatial memory [179, 181, 182] |
| Non-rodent animal models | ||
| SIV infected macaques | Depletion of CD4+ cells, detectable viral load in the brain, neuroinflammation, neuronal loss [162] | Impaired performance in tasks assessing memory, fine/general motor skills, motivation, reaction time, spatial working memory [338] |
| FIV infected cats | Encephalopathy, reduced peripherical and motor neuron conductance [206, 207] | Aggression, loss of socialization, gait changes [206, 207] |