Table 2 Table summarizing changes of the CP in stroke and nervous system trauma

Stroke

Hemorrhagic

↑ NF-κB expression

[299]

↑ Number of macrophages in the epiplexus position

[184]

↑ Na⁺/K⁺/2Cl⁻ co-transporter 1 regulation

[190]

↓ CSF secretion

[198]

↑ mRNA for NF-κB, MCP-1, IL1R1, IL-8, IL-6, FAS, TNF-α expression

[183]

↑ Iba-1+ and CD68+ epiplexus cells

[186]

↑ Number of cytoplasmic water vesicles

[191,192,193]

↑ HO-1 expression

[183]

↑ AQP1 expression

[194]

Activation of TLR4

[182]

Ischemic

Apoptosis or necrosis according to the severity of ischemic injury

[201]

↑ ED1+ number, CR3 receptors, expression of MHC I and MHC II antigens

[217]

↑ Calcium transfer to CSF

[210]

Alteration in B-CSF barrier after middle cerebral artery occlusion

[207]

↑ Apoptotic cells characterized by nuclear DNA fragmentation after middle cerebral artery occlusion

[201]

↑ iNOS expression in epiplexus cells, Number of OX-42+ , ED1+ , OX-18+ , OX-6+ cells in epiplexus position

[217]

↑ Permeability of B-CSF barrier for inulin after bilateral carotid occlusion

[205]

↑ Expression of TGFβ1, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and other growth factors

[216]

↑ MMP-9 expression in infiltrating macrophages

[214]

↑ VEGF and eNOS expression

[217, 218]

Plasma membrane and organelle damage; clumping of nuclear chromatin after forebrain ischemia

[205, 206]

↑ Number of macrophages

[220]

↑ CP epithelial cell proliferation

Expression of NeuN and GFAP after middle cerebral artery occlusion

[215]

CP as invasion route for T cells into the ischemic brain

[219]

Edema, apoptosis of CP epithelial cells after middle cerebral artery occlusion

[212]

↑ eNOS, iNOS, nNOS expression and accumulation of glycogen

[217]

↑ Secretion of growth factors including GDNF, BDNF, NGF

[222,223,224]

↑ MMP-9 level, vacuolization

Indistinct epithelial membranes and varying degrees of pyknosis after middle cerebral artery occlusion

[214]

Desquamation of CP epithelial cells

[199]

↓ AQP1 expression up to 24 h

↑ AQP1expression between 24–48 h after global cerebral ischemia

[209]

↑ VCAM-1, MAdCAM-1, C3CL1, Nt5e expression

[220]

Traumatic

TBI

↑ Intercellular spaces between CP epithelial cells

[225]

↑ Macrophage number in epiplexus position after non-penetrative injury

[227]

Changes in CSF composition

[300]

CP apical membrane ruptured

[227]

Uptake of serum albumin by CP epithelial cells

[226]

Spinal cord injury

↑ Trafficking of M2 macrophages to the injured spinal cord supported by Vcam-1-VLA4 and epithelial CD73

[231]

Peripheral nerve injury

↑ Number of ED1+ and ED2+ macrophages in the CP

[232]