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Table 2 Sinus size and blood flow by hydrocephalus type

From: The incidence of significant venous sinus stenosis and cerebral hyperemia in childhood hydrocephalus: prognostic value with regards to differentiating active from compensated disease

Case

Age years

Clinical

SAS/VSI mm

TCBF ml/min

SSS Hd mm

TS Ed mm

SS Ed mm

DSS Ed mm

Max stenosis %

Stenosis site

External hydrocephalus

1

0. 41

Seizures SDH active VPS

10

586

4.00

4.86

4.98

4.31

60

TS

2

0.46

Macrocephaly floppy active

11

471

4.28

7.52

7.06

4.64

–

–

3

0.59

Macrocephaly compensated

10

577

6.41

6.47

3.13

3.07

79

DSS

4

0.72

Macrocephaly compensated

10

707

5.70

7.76

6.36

2.49

86

DSS

5

0.90

Premature compensated

15

417

5.06

3.69

4.55

4.06

77

TS

6

0.95

Premature IVH compensated

12

785

5.37

6.96

6.60

4.17

61

DSS

7

0.96

Macrocephaly vomiting active

14

695

5.89

6.51

6.39

6.12

–

–

8

1.14

Aural atresia compensated

11

717

5.91

8.26

6.60

3.67

77

DSS

9

1.46

Macrocephaly compensated

10

1329

7.53

6.73

8.20

6.79

–

–

Mean

0.84

  

698

5.57

6.53

5.98

4.37

  

SD

0.34

  

266

1.07

1.44

1.51

1.36

  

Obstructed hydrocephalus

10

0.34

Optic nerve hypoplasia compensated

0.41

382

3.37

5.27

5.17

3.33

75

DSS

11

0.36

Macrocephaly active TECSF VPS

0.71

362

3.93

6.27

3.89

3.01

80

DSS

12

0.52

Macrocephaly active ETV

0.50

541

4.72

7.06

6.06

2.20

89

DSS

13

4.43

Premature compensated

0.46

692

6.89

9.89

8.97

9.51

–

–

14

6.00

Congenital compensated

0.49

1598a

7.73

8.94

6.70

8.15

–

–

15

7.84

Headaches blurred vision TECSF active ETV

0.53

706

3.60

5.57

4.46

3.66

79

DSS

16

7.50

Papilledema TECSF active ETV

0.38

892

4.79

4.90

8.33

0.00

95

JB

17

9.98

Noonan syndrome compensated

0.76

1241

5.67

4.62

5.50

6.00

67

TS

18

12.77

Dyspraxia TECSF active ETV

0.56

1375

5.34

6.00

4.32

4.32

73

SS

19

14.74

Papilledema TECSF active ETV

0.40

832

4.93

3.59

6.16

8.69

80

TS

Mean

6.45

  

862

5.10

6.21

5.96

4.89

  

SD

5.14

  

420

1.39

1.95

1.68

3.10

  

Communicating hydrocephalus

20

0.33

Achondroplasia compensated

0.46

337

5.11

8.20

5.38

0.00

95

JB

21

0.47

Increasing HC active

0.48

745

3.76

9.29

2.94

7.39

76

SS

22

0.51

Meningitis compensated

0.40

818

4.70

7.76

6.15

4.17

61

DSS

23

0.52

Premature TECSF active VPS

0.75

693

5.74

5.94

2.91

1.78

93

DSS

24

0.64

Papilledema active

0.32

645

4.87

10.31

5.00

2.73

83

DSS

25

0.64

Macrocephaly compensated

0.47

688

6.37

6.98

5.61

4.97

–

–

26

0.66

Craniofacial cutaneous compensated

0.35

518

4.89

7.85

5.69

5.89

–

–

27

0.66

Meningitis compensated

0.39

706

7.51

6.60

4.13

3.59

71

DSS

28

0.77

Increasing HC active

0.47

627

5.16

7.26

2.67

1.49

95

DSS

29

0.82

Increasing HC TECSF active

0.33

1210b

4.73

7.83

4.59

3.80

68

DSS

30

0.89

Premature active VPS

0.46

902

4.81

6.98

4.15

3.32

75

DSS

31

0.91

Increasing ventricles TECSF active VPS

0.44

748

4.92

6.04

3.55

2.62

85

DSS

32

1.07

Macrocephaly compensated

0.39

787

6.07

8.27

5.25

4.53

64

DSS

33

1.12

Macrocephaly compensated

0.43

1054

6.45

8.46

3.60

3.89

80

SS

34

1.20

Macrocephaly active VPS

0.46

1141

6.39

8.32

3.35

2.08

92

DSS

35

1.32

Achondroplasia increasing HC active

0.41

1103

6.74

6.89

4.67

0.00

95

JB

36

1.36

Macrocephaly increasing HC active ETV

0.50

853

5.98

6.56

7.62

7.35

–

–

37

1.36

Macrocephaly compensated

0.39

980

6.76

8.98

4.64

6.73

67

SS

38

1.48

Premature increasing HC IVH active

0.40

1467

5.46

5.41

5.24

4.35

67

DSS

39

1.63

Macrocephaly compensated

0.42

1180

7.49

9.42

7.94

4.91

58

DSS

40

1.84

Congenital compensated

0.42

816

6.33

7.64

6.68

6.31

–

–

41

1.89

Macrocephaly compensated

0.42

1308

4.96

9.63

5.15

2.17

92

DSS

42

2.35

Macrocephaly compensated

0.40

1754a

6.77

10.89

9.86

6.85

–

–

43

2.40

Premature compensated

0.39

1632a

5.86

8.62

8.12

5.89

–

–

44

2.84

Macrocephaly compensated

0.42

1279

8.49

9.03

8.76

9.36

–

–

45

5.36

Behavioral issues compensated

0.38

1474a

7.95

7.52

9.25

6.54

–

–

46

5.44

Talipes compensated

0.46

692

7.71

6.77

7.03

7.22

–

–

47

6.60

Meningitis compensated

0.36

755

2.61

5.28

8.29

7.48

85

SSS

48

8.52

Premature IVH compensated

0.42

1001

5.37

12.77

11.42

7.87

–

–

49

9.69

Achondroplasia increasing HC active

0.45

786

5.05

7.99

9.15

0.00

95

JB

50

11.10

Dysmorphic compensated

0.54

1044

5.37

6.61

9.45

6.52

–

–

51

11.10

Seizures compensated

0.57

1435a

4.97

8.28

10.69

8.60

–

–

52

11.15

Achondroplasia compensated

0.42

1727a

7.13

4.78

8.13

6.89

65

TS

53

12.42

Achondroplasia vomiting active

0.56

1030

2.86

5.16

6.67

0.00

95

JB

54

14.07

Crouzon’s compensated

0.43

821

5.08

7.27

10.42

5.72

50

DSS

55

14.45

Macrocephaly compensated

0.48

1126

6.45

8.02

9.86

9.28

–

–

Mean

3.88

 

0.44

997

5.75

7.77

6.50

4.78

  

SD

4.49

 

0.08

344

1.31

1.66

2.50

2.71

  
  1. Italic values indicate significant stenosis
  2. DSS distal sigmoid sinus, Ed effective diameter, ETV endoscopic third ventriculostomy, HC head circumference, Hd hydraulic diameter, IVH intraventricular hemorrhage, JG jugular bulb, ml/min milliliters per minute, mm millimeters, SAS subarachnoid space thickness, SD standard deviation, SDH subdural hematoma, SSS superior sagittal sinus, SS sigmoid sinus, TCBF total cerebral blood flow, TECSF transependymal CSF flow, TS transverse sinus, VPS ventriculoperitoneal shunt, VSI ventricular size index
  3. a2 SD above mean, b3 SD above mean
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Fluids and Barriers of the CNS

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