Fig. 1

Overview of model establishment and application. a Model establishment. To mimic SAS morphology and composition, U-CUP perfusion bioreactor was employed together with a collagen scaffold and phMECs were perfusion seeded at 1.0 mm/s for 24 h and then cultivated for 72 h at a superficial velocity of 0.3 mm/s, to achieve a meningeal tissue construct. Tissue construct was characterized by assessing microarchitectural similarity between in vivo SAS and the engineered meningeal tissue construct employing scanning electron microscopy and by staining for meningeal tissue and extracellular matrix markers using IHC. b Model application. B1 To ensure sufficient oxygen supply to phMECs during pathophysiological perfusion, O₂ saturation was measured during pathophysiological perfusion conditions. B2 Transcriptomic profile of phMECs was assessed during physiological and pathophysiological perfusion conditions of ONCS using RNA sequencing