Effect of shear stress on iPSC-derived human brain microvascular endothelial cells (dhBMECs)

Table 1 Summary of steady state results from this study (dhBMECs) and previous studies (Other ECs)

dhBMEC			Other EC
Steady state	Static	Flow	HUVEC	BAEC	In vivo
Morphology	Small cell area Random orientation Cobblestone morphology	Moderate cell area Random orientation Cobblestone morphology	Large cell area Aligned to flow Spindle-like morphology [14, 16, 17]	Large cell area Aligned to flow Spindle-like morphology [18, 20, 64, 67]	Moderate cell area Aligned to flow Spindle-like morphology [12, 13, 21, 22]
Motility	Small displacement	Small displacement	Large displacement	N/A	N/A
Proliferation rate	High	Moderate	Moderate	N/A	Low-moderate [4, 66]
Apoptosis rate	High	Low	Moderate	N/A	N/A
Protein and gene expression	No change	No change in transporters ZO-1↓ (WB, 4 dyne cm⁻²)	OCLN (no change)	ZO-1 (no change) [14] OCLN ↓ (WB, 10 & 20 dyne cm⁻²) [77]	N/A

Morphological analysis is quantified as cell area, inverse aspect ratio, and orientation angle with respect to the flow direction. Cell area: small (<700 µm²), moderate (700–1200 µm²), large (>1200 µm²). Orientation: random/cobblestone (IAR ~ 0.6, orientation ~ 45°), aligned to flow/spindle-like (IAR < 0.4, orientation < 20°). Displacement is defined as the distance between the current location and its original position: small (<50 µm), large (>50 µm). Proliferation rate is defined as the percent of all cells that divide per hour: low (<0.1% h⁻¹), moderate (0.1–0.3% h⁻¹), high (>0.3% h⁻¹). Apoptosis rate is defined as the percent of all cells that divide per hour: low (<0.05% h⁻¹), moderate (0.05–0.1% h⁻¹), high (>1% h⁻¹)

ISSN: 2045-8118