Cell type | a-Syn transport | References |
---|---|---|
Blood–brain barrier (BBB) | 1) Astrocytes: Endogenously expresses a-Syn. Astrocytes take up a-Syn by endocytosis; inflammatory activation occurs upon uptake of a-Syn aggregates. Astrocytes also secrete free a-Syn. | Braak et al., 2007 [3] |
2) Endothelia: endothelia of cerebral blood vessels express a-Syn endogenously. No detectable expression of a-Syn was found in BBB endothelia. | Kim et al., 2008 [23] | |
3) Perictyes: Unknown | Lee et al., 2010a [35] | |
4) Basal Lamina: Unknown | Lee et al., 2010b [36] | |
Kim et al., 2013 [37] | ||
Tamo et al., 2002 [38] | ||
Blood-CSF barrier (BCSFB) | Choroid Epithelia: Immortalized Z310 cells express a-Syn endogenously. Z310 cells uptake free a-Syn; clathrin is upregulated during a-Syn exposure. Primary CP epithelia from rat express a-Syn endogenously and take up free a-Syn. | Bates et al., 2012 [46] |
Bates et al., 2013 [49] | ||
Neurons | Neurons are capable of both the uptake and secretion of a-Syn. Free and aggregated a-Syn can be secreted and taken up by neurons. Cell-to-cell transmission can occur between neurons or with multiple glial types (e.g. astrocytes, microglia, etc.) | Lee et al., 2005 [15] |
Lee et al., 2013 [17 | ||
Desplats et al., 2009 [28] | ||
Lee et al., 2008a [30] | ||
Freeman et al., 2013 [31 | ||
Büchel et al., 2013 [32] | ||
Glia (excl. astrocytes) | 1) Microglia: Microglia take up free and toxic a-Syn aggregates from interstitial fluid. Inflammatory activation upon uptake of a-Syn. | Wakabayashi et al., 2000 [33] |
2) Oligodendrocytes: Uptake of aggregated a-Syn was shown to be clathrin-dependent. Consequently, intracellular inclusions containing a-Syn can occur | Kisos et al., 2012 [55] | |
Lee et al., 2008b [56] |