Table 1 Investigations that may be performed to verify comorbidity in INPH
Investigation | Indication |
|---|---|
MRI of the spine | Lumbar or cervical spinal stenosis? |
MRI brain (T1, T2, FLAIR, T2*, diffusion, perfusion) | Atrophy? White matter lesions? Infarctions? Microbleeds? Brain volumes? Cerebral blood flow? |
X-ray or MRI of hip or knee | Arthrosis? |
Bladder diary | Type of urinary problems? |
Measurement of residual urine | Obstruction? |
Urinalysis/urine culture | Urinary tract infection? |
Vascular risk factor analysis/inventory | Burden of cerebrovascular disease risk factors? |
CSF T-Tau, P-Tau and Aβ42 | Alzheimer’s disease? |
Brain biopsy | Alzheimer’s disease. Only in research and if approved by internal review board |
Depression scale | Treatment of depression? |
Response to levodopa | Parkinson disease? |
Dopamine transporter imaging | Dementia with Lewy bodies? |
Test of autonomic dysfunction | Multiple system atrophy? |
Comorbidity index/rating scale | Quantification of co-morbidity |