Figure 5

Longitudinal pressure dissociation (LPD) (lumbar - cervical) measured in the SAS for each experimental model during coughing: LPD ( t ) = P _SAS , _{4 cm} ( t ) - P _SAS , _{32 cm} ( t ) plotted against time. A positive deflection in LPD indicates that a pressure gradient is available to suck fluid and/or tissue towards the cranium. Peak LPD sucks fluid and/or tissue toward the cranium in SSED, SSE, and SAE, while in SRE LPD oscillates back and forth around zero. Sampling frequency for each experiment was 17 kHz. SSED, SAE, SSE, and SRE as for Figure 1.