Cerebrospinal fluid markers before and after shunting in patients with secondary and idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus

Table 2 Clinical characteristics of SNPH and INPH patients pre- and postoperatively.

Index	Function/Test	Preop SNPH (n = 17)	Preop INPH (n = 18)	Postop SNPH (n = 17)	Postop INPH (n = 18)
Global	MMSE (0–30)	17.2 (9.6)	23.3 (7.4) *	23.3 (4.6) **	25.9 (7.9) **
Psycho-metric	Identical forms test (0–60)	14.4 (17.8)	24.4 (12.3)	20.9 (17.3) ns	32.3 (12.1) ns
	Bingley's test (0–12)	1.9 (2.1)	4.0 (2.1) *	3.9 (1.7) **	4.4 (1.8) ns
	Reaction time test (s)	1.7 (3.0)	1.4 (1.8)	0.5 (0.7) ns	0.9 (1.3) ns
Balance	Romberg's test (0–60)	24.9 (27.2)	42.8 (26.1)	41.1 (25.5) **	50.4 (22.0) **
Gait	Gait performance (1–6)	3.4 (1.8)	2.4 (1.2) *	2.2 (1.5) **	1.8 (1.1) ns
	Time needed to walk 10 m (s)	38.5 (43.1)	23.4 (35.3)	11.4 (2.2) *	12.6 (4.2) *
	Steps needed to walk 10 m (#)	42.8 (38.1)	30.1 (22.4)	19.9 (3.7) **	19.5 (4.6) **
Cont-inence	Urgency incontinence (yes/no)	4/11	8/10 *	11/5 *	5/13 ns
Wake-fulness	IW (1/2/3/4)	4/7/3/3	9/7/2 *	14/3/0/0 **	14/4/0/0 *
MoD				0.75 (0.72)	0.33 (0.37)

Values are given as Mean (SD) or frequency. Gait performance is registered as 1–6: 1 = normal; 2 = insecure; 3 = insecure cane; 4 = bimanual support; 5 = aided; 6 = wheelchair. 1–4: 1 = none; 2 = slight; 3 = moderate; 4 = severe. IW = Impairment of wakefulness (1 = none; 2 = slight; 3 = moderate; 4 = severe). MoD = mean of differences which is a measure of overall improvement (see statistics). Significant differences between SNPH and INPH patients preoperatively are indicated in the Preop INPH column. Differences between the pre- and postoperative assessment were analysed for SNPH and INPH patients as indicated in the Postop columns. ns = non significant; * = p ≤ 0.05; ** = p ≤ 0.01; *** = p ≤ 0.001.

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