Articles
Page 4 of 26
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Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2022 19:91
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Age dependent contribution of entry via the CSF to the overall brain entry of small and large hydrophilic markers
Apparent permeability of the blood brain barrier to hydrophilic markers has been shown to be higher in the developing brain. Apart from synthesis in situ, any substance detected in the brain parenchyma can origin...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2022 19:90 -
The effect of shunt surgery on corticospinal excitability in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study
Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is a multifactorial disease presenting with a classical symptom triad of cognitive decline, gait disturbance and urinary incontinence. The symptoms can be allevi...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2022 19:89 -
Accelerated amyloid angiopathy and related vascular alterations in a mixed murine model of Alzheimer´s disease and type two diabetes
While aging is the main risk factor for Alzheimer´s disease (AD), emerging evidence suggests that metabolic alterations such as type 2 diabetes (T2D) are also major contributors. Indeed, several studies have d...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2022 19:88 -
Three-dimensional microenvironment regulates gene expression, function, and tight junction dynamics of iPSC-derived blood–brain barrier microvessels
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) plays a pivotal role in brain health and disease. In the BBB, brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) are connected by tight junctions which regulate paracellular transport,...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2022 19:87 -
Transgenic animal models to explore and modulate the blood brain and blood retinal barriers of the CNS
The unique environment of the brain and retina is tightly regulated by blood–brain barrier and the blood-retinal barrier, respectively, to ensure proper neuronal function. Endothelial cells within these tissue...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2022 19:86 -
Evaluation of diurnal and postural intracranial pressure employing telemetric monitoring in idiopathic intracranial hypertension
Intracranial pressure (ICP) has been thought to vary diurnally. This study evaluates diurnal ICP measurements and quantifies changes in ICP occurring with changes in body posture in active idiopathic intracran...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2022 19:85 -
Human intracranial pulsatility during the cardiac cycle: a computational modelling framework
Today’s availability of medical imaging and computational resources set the scene for high-fidelity computational modelling of brain biomechanics. The brain and its environment feature a dynamic and complex in...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2022 19:84 -
Correction to: The choroid plexus: A door between the blood and the brain for tissue-type plasminogen activator
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2022 19:83 -
Impact of age on the cerebrospinal fluid spaces: high-convexity and medial subarachnoid spaces decrease with age
Impaired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics may contribute to the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases, and play a crucial role in brain health in older people; nonetheless, such age-related changes h...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2022 19:82 -
Development of a multicellular in vitro model of the meningeal blood-CSF barrier to study Neisseria meningitidis infection
Bacterial meningitis is a life-threatening disease that occurs when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis cross the meningeal blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier (mBCSFB) and infect the meninges. Due to the huma...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2022 19:81 -
The choroid plexus: a door between the blood and the brain for tissue-type plasminogen activator
In the vascular compartment, the serine protease tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) promotes fibrinolysis, justifying its clinical use against vasculo-occlusive diseases. Accumulating evidence shows that ...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2022 19:80 -
VHHs as tools for therapeutic protein delivery to the central nervous system
The blood brain barrier (BBB) limits the therapeutic perspective for central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Previously we found an anti-mouse transferrin receptor (TfR) VHH (Nb62) that was able to deliver a b...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2022 19:79 -
The effect of A1 and A2 reactive astrocyte expression on hydrocephalus shunt failure
The composition of tissue obstructing neuroprosthetic devices is largely composed of inflammatory cells with a significant astrocyte component. In a first-of-its-kind study, we profile the astrocyte phenotypes...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2022 19:78 -
Nuclear receptor ligand screening in an iPSC-derived in vitro blood–brain barrier model identifies new contributors to leptin transport
The hormone leptin exerts its function in the brain to reduce food intake and increase energy expenditure to prevent obesity. However, most obese subjects reflect the resistance to leptin even with elevated se...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2022 19:77 -
Mucopolysaccharidoses and the blood–brain barrier
Mucopolysaccharidoses comprise a set of genetic diseases marked by an enzymatic dysfunction in the degradation of glycosaminoglycans in lysosomes. There are eight clinically distinct types of mucopolysaccharid...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2022 19:76 -
The choroid plexus and its role in the pathogenesis of neurological infections
The choroid plexus is situated at an anatomically and functionally important interface within the ventricles of the brain, forming the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier that separates the periphery from the ce...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2022 19:75 -
Short-term exposure to JUUL electronic cigarettes can worsen ischemic stroke outcome
The short and long-term health effects of JUUL electronic cigarette (e-Cig) are largely unknown and warrant extensive research. We hypothesized that JUUL exposure could cause cerebrovascular toxicities impacti...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2022 19:74 -
ROS attenuates TET2-dependent ZO-1 epigenetic expression in cerebral vascular endothelial cells
To investigate whether DNA active demethylase TET regulates the expression of tight junction proteins in endothelial cells of the blood–brain barrier (BBB).
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2022 19:73 -
Characterization of passive permeability after low intensity focused ultrasound mediated blood–brain barrier disruption in a preclinical model
Systemic drug delivery to the central nervous system is limited by presence of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Low intensity focused ultrasound (LiFUS) is a non-invasive technique to disrupt the BBB, though the...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2022 19:72 -
In vivo assessment of Lewy body and beta-amyloid copathologies in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: prevalence and associations with clinical features and surgery outcome
Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is a clinico-radiological syndrome of elderly individuals likely sustained by different neurodegenerative changes as copathologies. Since iNPH is a potentially r...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2022 19:71 -
Activation of NMDA receptors in brain endothelial cells increases transcellular permeability
Neurovascular coupling is a precise mechanism that induces increased blood flow to activated brain regions, thereby providing oxygen and glucose. In this study, we hypothesized that N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2022 19:70 -
Lysophosphatidic acid as a CSF lipid in posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus that drives CSF accumulation via TRPV4-induced hyperactivation of NKCC1
A range of neurological pathologies may lead to secondary hydrocephalus. Treatment has largely been limited to surgical cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion, as specific and efficient pharmacological options ar...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2022 19:69 -
Distinct volumetric features of cerebrospinal fluid distribution in idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus and Alzheimer’s disease
The aims of the study were to measure the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volumes in the lateral ventricle, high-convexity subarachnoid space, and Sylvian fissure region in patients with idiopathic normal-pressure h...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2022 19:66 -
Microglia-derived CCL2 has a prime role in neocortex neuroinflammation
In myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), several areas of demyelination are detectable in mouse cerebral cortex, where neuroinflammation events are ...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2022 19:68 -
Mathematical modelling of the CSF system: effects of microstructures and posture on optic nerve subarachnoid space dynamics
The pressure difference between the eye and brain in upright postures may be affected by compartmentalization of the optic nerve subarachnoid space (ONSAS). Both pressure and deformation will depend on the mic...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2022 19:67 -
Membrane transporters control cerebrospinal fluid formation independently of conventional osmosis to modulate intracranial pressure
Disturbances in the brain fluid balance can lead to life-threatening elevation in the intracranial pressure (ICP), which represents a vast clinical challenge. Nevertheless, the details underlying the molecular...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2022 19:65 -
A transcriptomic analysis of cerebral microvessels reveals the involvement of Notch1 signaling in endothelial mitochondrial-dysfunction-dependent BBB disruption
Endothelial cells (ECs) in cerebral vessels are considered the primary targets in acute hemorrhagic brain injuries. EC dysfunction can aggravate neuronal injuries by causing secondary inflammatory responses an...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2022 19:64 -
Role of aging in Blood–Brain Barrier dysfunction and susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection: impacts on neurological symptoms of COVID-19
COVID-19, which is caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has resulted in devastating morbidity and mortality worldwide due to lethal pneumonia and respiratory distress. In ad...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2022 19:63 -
Posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus associates with elevated inflammation and CSF hypersecretion via activation of choroidal transporters
Posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) often develops following hemorrhagic events such as intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Treatment is limited to surgical diversion of the ce...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2022 19:62 -
Antibody indices of infectious pathogens from serum and cerebrospinal fluid in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders
Infectious and immunological theories of schizophrenia have been discussed for over a century. Contradictory results for infectious agents in association with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs) were repor...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2022 19:61 -
Extracellular vesicles through the blood–brain barrier: a review
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are particles naturally released from cells that are delimited by a lipid bilayer and are unable to replicate. How the EVs cross the Blood–Brain barrier (BBB) in a bidirectional ma...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2022 19:60 -
Ventricular volume in relation to lumbar CSF levels of amyloid-β 1–42, tau and phosphorylated tau in iNPH, is there a dilution effect?
Levels of the biomarkers amyloid-β 1–42 (Aβ42), tau and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) are decreased in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH). The mechanism...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2022 19:59 -
Glioblastoma disrupts the ependymal wall and extracellular matrix structures of the subventricular zone
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive and common type of primary brain tumor in adults. Tumor location plays a role in patient prognosis, with tumors proximal to the lateral ventricles (LVs) presenting wit...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2022 19:58 -
Selective sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 modulator attenuates blood–brain barrier disruption following traumatic brain injury by inhibiting vesicular transcytosis
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) provokes secondary pathological damage, such as damage to the blood–brain barrier (BBB), ischaemia and inflammation. Major facilitator superfamily domain-containing 2a (Mfsd2a) has...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2022 19:57 -
Proteomics-based investigation of cerebrovascular molecular mechanisms in cerebral amyloid angiopathy by the FFPE-LMD-PCT-SWATH method
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) occurs in 80% of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and is mainly caused by the abnormal deposition of Aβ in the walls of cerebral blood vessels. Cerebrovascular molecular...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2022 19:56 -
Population pharmacokinetic modeling of CSF to blood clearance: prospective tracer study of 161 patients under work-up for CSF disorders
Quantitative measurements of cerebrospinal fluid to blood clearance has previously not been established for neurological diseases. Possibly, variability in cerebrospinal fluid clearance may affect the underlyi...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2022 19:55 -
Brain microvascular endothelial cell dysfunction in an isogenic juvenile iPSC model of Huntington’s disease
Huntington’s disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disease caused by expansion of cytosine–adenine–guanine (CAG) repeats in the huntingtin gene, which leads to neuronal loss and decline in cognitive a...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2022 19:54 -
Acetazolamide modulates intracranial pressure directly by its action on the cerebrospinal fluid secretion apparatus
Elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) is observed in many neurological pathologies, e.g. hydrocephalus and stroke. This condition is routinely relieved with neurosurgical approaches, since effective and targete...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2022 19:53 -
Cerebrospinal fluid osmolality cannot predict development or surgical outcome of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus
The etiology of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is currently unknown. With no visible obstructions, altered cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics may explain the accumulation of ventricular fluid....
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2022 19:52 -
Gait apraxia evaluation in normal pressure hydrocephalus using inertial sensors. Clinical correlates, ventriculoperitoneal shunt outcomes, and tap-test predictive capacity
Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is a neurological condition with gait apraxia signs from its early manifestation. Ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) is a surgical procedure available for treatmen...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2022 19:51 -
The impact of genetic manipulation of laminin and integrins at the blood–brain barrier
Blood vessels in the central nervous system (CNS) are unique in having high electrical resistance and low permeability, which creates a selective barrier protecting sensitive neural cells within the CNS from p...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2022 19:50 -
Regulation of brain iron uptake by apo- and holo-transferrin is dependent on sex and delivery protein
The brain requires iron for a number of processes, including energy production. Inadequate or excessive amounts of iron can be detrimental and lead to a number of neurological disorders. As such, regulation of...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2022 19:49 -
Advances in brain barriers and brain fluids research in 2021: great progress in a time of adversity
This editorial highlights advances in brain barrier and brain fluid research in 2021. It covers research on components of the blood–brain barrier, neurovascular unit and brain fluid systems; how brain barriers...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2022 19:48 -
Vascular network expansion, integrity of blood–brain interfaces, and cerebrospinal fluid cytokine concentration during postnatal development in the normal and jaundiced rat
Severe neonatal jaundice resulting from elevated levels of unconjugated bilirubin in the blood induces dramatic neurological impairment. Central oxidative stress and an inflammatory response have been associat...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2022 19:47 -
Potential role of astrocyte angiotensin converting enzyme 2 in the neural transmission of COVID-19 and a neuroinflammatory state induced by smoking and vaping
Knowledge of the entry receptors responsible for SARS-CoV-2 is key to understand the neural transmission and pathogenesis of COVID-19 characterized by a neuroinflammatory scenario. Understanding the brain dist...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2022 19:46 -
Glioblastoma microenvironment contains multiple hormonal and non-hormonal growth-stimulating factors
The growth of malignant tumors is influenced by their microenvironment. Glioblastoma, an aggressive primary brain tumor, may have cysts containing fluid that represents the tumor microenvironment. The aim of t...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2022 19:45 -
Transcriptional profiling of transport mechanisms and regulatory pathways in rat choroid plexus
Dysregulation of brain fluid homeostasis associates with brain pathologies in which fluid accumulation leads to elevated intracranial pressure. Surgical intervention remains standard care, since specific and e...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2022 19:44 -
Effects of fasudil on blood–brain barrier integrity
Cerebral infarction accounts for 85% of all stroke cases. Even in an era of rapid and effective recanalization using an intravascular approach, the majority of patients have poor functional outcomes. Thus, the...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2022 19:43 -
Ptpn20 deletion in H-Tx rats enhances phosphorylation of the NKCC1 cotransporter in the choroid plexus: an evidence of genetic risk for hydrocephalus in an experimental study
Congenital hydrocephalus occurs with some inheritable characteristics, but the mechanisms of its development remain poorly understood. Animal models provide the opportunity to identify potential genetic causes...
Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2022 19:39