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Table 1 Trends in Parents' Psychological Symptoms across the Child's Life Span

From: Parental adaptation to having a child with spina bifida: a developmental perspective

 

Group means (SDs)

    
     

Time effects(linear)

Time effects (quadratic)

 

Time 1 pregnancy-birth

Time 2 baby-toddler

Time 3 preschool

Time 4 middle childhood

    
     

F

p

F

p

Mothers

n = 55

n = 55

n = 55

n = 55

    

Int-depression

2.18 (0.70)

1.83 (0.68)

1.59 (0.64)

1.55 (0.52)

58.103***

0.000

1.266**

0.003

Ext-irritability

1.85 (0.85)

1.68 (0.69)

1.64 (0.82)

1.70 (0.73)

1.095

0.300

2.427

0.125

Fathers

n = 33

n = 33

n = 33

n = 33

    

Int-depression

2.10 (0.58)

1.78 (0.50)

1.44 (0.48)

1.48 (0.58)

48.099***

0.000

9.787**

0.004

Ext-irritability

1.59 (0.80)

1.61 (0.77)

1.50 (0.79)

1.52 (0.69)

0.500

0.485

0.003

0.447

  1. ** P < .01, *** P < .001 (two-tailed).
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Fluids and Barriers of the CNS

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